Transcript Document

Vocabulary:
1. Ottomans
2. Mehmet II
3. Janissaries
4. Vizier
5. Suleymaniye mosque
6. Safavid dynasty
7. Chaldiran
8. Abbas I (the Great)
9. Imams
10. Mullahs
11. Mughal dynasty
12. Babur
13. Akbar
14. Sati
15. Taj Mahal
16. Ottomans
17. Shah
18. Marattas
19. Sikhs
I. Alike and Different?
A. Similarities
1. The peak of Islam’s political and military power
2. All based on military conquest…hence gunpowder empires
3. All from Turkic nomadic cultures
4. All absolute monarchies
B. Differences
1. All were Muslim but Mughals ruled over a
predominantly non-Muslim population…WHY?
2. Ottomans had large Christian minority…WHY?
3. Safavids were Shi’ite (Shi’a) Muslims
Muslim
Empires
II. Rise to Power
A. Ottoman Turks began to build
power on northwest corner
of the Anatolian Peninsula.
1. With decline of Seljuk
Turks, they expanded and
founded the Ottoman dynasty
2. 1300’s: Ottomans expanded
into Balkan Peninsula
3. Janissaries: young boys taken from the Christian population.
a. Boys were converted to Islam and
trained as elite soldiers or
administrators to serve the Sultan
4. Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the
Battle of Kosovo
a. Controlled the Balkan Peninsula
Janissarie
B. Constantinople
1. Under the leadership of Mehmet II, the Ottomans
laid siege to Constantinople
2. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 brought end to the
Byzantine Empire
a. Immediately began restoring the city.
3. The Ottomans made the city their capital renaming
it Istanbul
Mehmet II enters
Constantinople
Mehmet was well
known for his
cruelty…some
estimates reach
30,000 deaths
per year that
he was
responsible for!!!
C. Continued Ottoman Spread
1. The Ottomans took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the
Arabian Peninsula with holy cities of Mecca and Medina
2. Ottoman rule spread across North Africa though by 1600’s this
area was semi-independent
3. Ottoman attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe were stymied by
the Hungarians
4. Greatest threat to Europe came under rule of greatest of Ottoman
rulers, Suleyman I. Under his leadership, Ottomans seized
Belgrade and won victory over Hungarians and occupied the
country
Suleyman I
(Suleiman the Magnificent)
D. Ottoman Rule
1. The Ottomans copied many aspects of Byzantine political
structure, especially imperial rule
2. A strong centralized government was established with the sultan
at its head in Istanbul…no clear succession rules.
a. The position of sultan was hereditary…once in power, a
sultan would murder all his brothers.
b. The private domain of the sultan was called the harem
3. The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by the sultan through
his chief minister, the Grand Vizier
a. Most high government officials were Muslim by birth and
many were chosen based on merit
b. The Ottomans administered their lands through local rulers
called pashas
--Pashas collected taxes (giving a percentage to the
Ottomans) and maintained law and order
4. As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme religious leader but he
delegated many duties to the Ulema, who administered the legal
system and education
5. Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory
6. The Ottomans were tolerant of non-Muslims…head tax
a. Non-Muslim religions were headed by an official who was
responsible to the sultan
7. Women had greater freedom under the Ottomans than in other
Muslim nations
a. Could own and inherit
property, could not be
forced into marriage, and
were permitted to divorce
Women in the Ottoman court
E. Ottoman Decline
1. The Ottomans laid siege
to Vienna in 1529
2. Ottoman advance into
Mediterranean
stopped at Lepanto in
1571 by Western
coalition led by the Spanish…ended Turkish control of the
eastern Mediterranean
3. In 1600’s, the Ottomans attempted to expand into
Europe again
a. Vienna was besieged again
b. Combined European force pushed Ottomans
out of Austria and Hungary
c. Ottomans would never threaten Central
Europe again
Siege of Vienna
Outside
challenges
increase!!
I put this box
in to balance
the slide
Inflation from
new world
bullion!!!
Local officials
grew
stronger!!
Ottoman
Decline???
Even with
all of these issues, the
Ottoman Dynasty still
lasted until after
World War I!
Portugal
makes it to
Africa!!!
Ability of
Sultans
declined!!
No innovations
like western
Europe!!!
III. The Safavid Empire
A. Safavids descended from Turkic tribesmen in
northern Iran…were Shi’ite (Shi’a) Muslims
1. 1501 – seized much of what is today Iran & Iraq
a. Sent missionaries into Ottoman lands
b. Massacred Sunnis when conquering Baghdad
in 1508
2. 1514 – Safavids
defeated by
Ottomans;
with this loss,
Shi’ism was
stopped from
spreading
westward
B. Safavids reach their peak of power under Shah Abbas
1. Continued to fight with Ottoman Empire for many years…mostly
unsuccessful
2. After his death (1629), the Safavid Empire began its decline.
C. Safavid Religion
1. As the empire adopted more Persian customs and used more
Persian bureaucrats, the Shi’a ideology was also affected.
2. Eventually, most of the empire converted to the Shi’a form of
Islam. Most of the world’s Shi’a Muslims are still located in this
area today.
D. Trade
1. Safavids had vibrant middle class
2. Greatest area of productivity in Safavid Empire
was textiles
a. Carpets were prized all over the world
E. Safavids and Ottomans
1. Similarities
a. Both were originally dominated by warrior aristocracies
b. Workshops produced many products…artisans were
numerous
c. Both encouraged international trade however, the Ottomans
benefited from better outside trading contacts than the
Safavids
d. Women lose freedom…similar to other Islamic societies
--Subordinate to fathers, husbands
--Lack opportunities for expression
By the mid-1700s the
Safavid Dynasty had collapsed!!!
IV. Mughal Empire
A. 1526…Founded by Babur, a Muslim, who claimed to descend
from Tamerlane and Genghis
Khan
1. Invaded India from Kabul
and conquered the Delhi
Sultanate
--Using that city as
his base, he
expanded
into the
subcontinent
The Mughals nearly
Controlled the entire
subcontinent…hadn’t
been done before.
Babur
B. After Babur’s death the empire struggled until his
grandson, Akbar took control. He continued the
expansion until most of India was under his control
1. Although his empire appeared highly
centralized it was in reality a collection of
semi-independent states held together by
the emperor
2. The Mughal Empire was the greatest empire
Akbar
in India since the Mauryans
3. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of religious tolerance
a. Hindus served in lesser positions in his court and even
Christians were present in the form of advisors
--Eliminated the head tax on Hindus
b. Akbar even took a Hindu bride
4. Akbar’s Social Reforms
a. Women’s position improved
--Widows encouraged to remarry…attempted to prohibit sati
b. Child marriages discouraged
5. Akbar’s Death…1605
a. Most reforms were unsuccessful, but, nonetheless, the empire was
very strong
b. Not much new territory was added by new rulers
c. India began to lag behind Europe in technological innovation
d. India continued to be a vibrant commercial empire…especially
exporting cotton textiles to Europe… most of the trade was
handled by Muslim merchants
e. Both peace and political stability (both during Akbar’s reign &
after it) = period of growth in trade and manufacturing
C. Jahangir (1605-1627) and Shah Jahan (1627-1658) succeed Akbar
1. Both continue Akbar’s policy of religious
toleration
2. Both preferred the arts over the military, which
they supported greatly
3. Women’s roles under them
a. Upper class women had better lives, while all
other women lost status and rights
Jahangir
b. Child marriage became more popular and
remarriage for widows decreased…sati increased in the upper classes
Shah Jahan
D. Shah Jahan’s Tribulations
1. In order to hold power, he had all rivals murdered
2. Shah Jahan’s military campaigns and corruption
in his court impoverished the state
3. Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal for deceased wife
4. His son, Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned
Shah Jahan
E. Aurangzeb… Succeeds Shah Jahan…Beginning of the End
1. Programs
a. Wanted to rule all of India
b. Wanted to cleanse Islam of Hindu taint…ended religious
toleration
2. By 1707, he controls most of India
a. Wars are very expensive and distracting…took him away
from actually running the government
--Many revolts lead to the autonomy of local leaders
b. Hindus excluded from high office
c. Non-Muslims taxed…especially hard on the poor
d. Mughals and Hindus create a blended society…both Muslims
and Hindus restricted women severely
e. Groups such as the Marattas and Sikhs challenged his rule
F. Arrival of the Europeans…the real end
1. The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French all sought influence
in India
2. Cities such as Goa, Bombay and Calcutta were centers of
European trade.
a. Increasing British influence under the East India Company
3. Industrial Revolution gave Britain the strength to take control in
India