Transcript Period 4 Notes

Global Interactions
c.1450 – c.1750
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Breakdown of religious unity
◦ Protestant Reformation
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Rival types of monarchies develop
◦ Absolute vs. Limited
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Intellectual Movements gain
popularity
◦ Renaissance, Scientific Revolution,
Enlightenment
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Results:
◦ Europe catches up to China/Islamic World
◦ Increased commercialization/globalization
causes major social change
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Cultural rebirth centered
in N. Italy that brings W.
Europe out of “Dark
Ages”
Encourages individuality
& more secular society
Great Renaissance figures
◦ Michelangelo, Da Vinci,
Petrarch, Shakespeare,
Erasmus
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Eventually spreads
throughout all of Europe
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Causes
◦ Corrupt Church practices
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Great Schism of 1400s
Indulgences
Simony
Selling of Holy Relics
◦ Influenced by Renaissance
◦ Gutenberg’s printing press
◦ Brave leaders
 Wycliffe, Hus & Luther
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Results
◦ Immediate results
 Political & social challenges to
authority
 Variety of protestant sects formed
◦ Long-term results
 End of religious unity
 Movements towards democracy
 Religious Wars throughout Europe
 English Civil War
 30 Years War
 French Civil War
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Starting in late Middle Ages, monarchs
throughout Europe began to slowly centralize
power
◦ Helped by events like the Crusades & Bubonic
Plague
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Constant power struggle between monarchs
and nobles started to tilt towards monarchs
by 1500s
Why centralized power?
◦ Need for large, professional army
◦ Clearly defined nations emerge
◦ Mercantilism
Absolute Monarchy
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Monarchs ignore
legislative bodies
Influential bureaucracy
loyal to monarch
Monarchs control local
affairs
Decisions to go to war
and what to spend $$ on
rest solely in hands of
monarch
Unlimited power for
monarch
People serve the monarch
Limited Monarchy
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Legislative bodies share
power
Bureaucracy less
influential
Nobility control local
affairs
Decisions to go to war
and what to spend $$ on
shared by nobility &
monarch
Monarch has limited
power
Monarch serves the
people
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Similarities
◦ Leaders ruled with divine
right
◦ Emphasis on the state
above all else
◦ Ability to make war was
focus
◦ Ruled people of a shared
culture
◦ Regulated economy
through taxation,
mercantilist philosophy
◦ Monarchs facilitated
cultural expression
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In 16th – 17th c. science overtakes religion as
dominant force in the West
◦ Middle Ages = learned centered around faith
◦ Renaissance & Reformation challenged established
way of thinking
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Key Figures
◦ Rene Descartes
 Skeptically review all knowledge
 Use reasoning to discover natural law
◦ Francis Bacon
 Scientific method
 Use science to advanced society
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Significant Changes in Belief Systems
◦ Traditional views of the universe
disproven
 Geocentric vs. Heliocentric, Finite vs. infinite
universe, God controlling nature vs. natural
laws
◦ Science used to further human progress &
knowledge
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Results:
◦ Scientific thinking applied to
government/society
◦ Science becomes center of intellectual life
◦ West emerges as leader in science
W.Europe
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In 18th c. 4 key intellectual
factors helped created the
Enlightenment
◦ Popularization of Science
◦ New-found skepticism about
religion
◦ Travel literature
◦ Key figures
 John Locke – Tabula Rasa
 Isaac Newton – Proved science through
math
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Enlightenment Intellectuals
◦ Originated in France
◦ Met in Salons to share knowledge/debate
theories
◦ Goal was to better the world
◦ Viewed world through secular lens
◦ Advocated various levels of revolution to create
change
◦ Concerned with rights of individuals & equality
◦ Wanted to understand the nature of man
◦ Were initially met with resistance
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Results
◦ Produces a set of basic
principles
 Humans are naturally good but
can improve through education
 Reason & logic are key to
progress
 Relying on blind faith is wrong
 Acquire as much knowledge as
possible
◦ Spawned other movements
 Women’s rights
 New economic theories (i.e.
Capitalism & Communism)
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Motives for Exploration
◦ After Crusades, developed taste for
Asian luxury goods
◦ Needed to circumnavigate Muslim
empires
◦ Had a balance of trade problem
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Means for Exploration
◦ Renaissance encouraged
independent spirit
◦ Trade networks & technology
improved
◦ Rival nation-states were competing
◦ Atlantic states took lead
Old World
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Origins of man
Closer contact through
trade & war = more
cultural diffusion
More advanced in key
areas
New World
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◦ No iron
◦ No wheel
◦ Less advanced writing
systems
◦ Use of iron
◦ Writing systems
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Rigid social structure
Value placed on
progress
Humans arrive later
More isolated
civilizations = less
cultural diffusion
Less advanced in key
areas
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Less rigid social
structure
Value placed on tradition
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Similarities
◦ Similar pattern of
development
 Nomadic – farming
villages – advanced
cities
◦ Centered around
subsistence
farming
◦ Cities centers of
culture
◦ Similar religious
traditions
◦ Frequent warfare
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Colony Formation
◦ Latin America
 Spain & Portugal
 Goal: extract resources
 Tribute & ecomienda systems used
with natives but fail – resort to
importing slaves
 Spanish colonies ruled through Council
of Indies, Viceroys, Catholic Church
◦ North America
 England & France
 Goal: extract resources & create
permanent settlements
 Less regulated by ‘mother’ country
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Columbian Exchange
◦ Exchange of crops, disease, people, technology &
ideas between Americas & Afro-Eurasia
◦ Europe benefitted the most from this exchange
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Core-Periphery-External Model
◦ Increase in commercial trade & technology leads to
W. European dominance
◦ Mercantilism becomes driving force
Core
Society
Raw Materials
Finished Goods
External Society
Periphery
Society
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Core-Periphery-External Model
◦ Core
 W. Europe & Islamic Empires
 Dominate with favorable balance of trade, superior
military & control of trade routes
◦ Periphery
 Americas, Africa, Eastern Europe, SE Asia
 Had poor balance of trade, lacked strong centralized
governments & militaries, relied on cores for shipping
and were exploited for labor & raw materials
◦ External
 Japan & Australia
 Isolated by geography or choice, not actively involved
in trade patterns
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OVERVIEW:
Slavery was common in Africa
prior to European arrival
Europeans relied on African
princes & merchants to run
slave trade
Slaves became essential part
of Triangle Trade
Motivation was economic
As enlightenment and
industrialization emerged,
slavery declined
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Widespread in Africa
◦ Private ownership of land did not exist
– ownership of slaves sign of wealth
◦ Used to create loyal following
◦ Captured as spoils of war
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Characteristics of African slavery
◦ Slaves inherited, typically owned by
merchants & did a variety of jobs
◦ Well developed slave trade
routes/markets
◦ Political fragmentation lead to
frequent war & desire for European
guns
 Sailed
around tip of
Africa – came into
contact on E. coast
 Mainly for domestic
servitude
 African kingdoms held
trade advantage
 Aprox. 1000 slaves
traded per year
Expands due to labor
intensive agriculture in New
World
 Coercive labor with Native
Americans unsuccessful
 African slaves were a better
fit
 Aprox. 2000 slaves per
year
 Other nations (ENG, FRA,
Dutch) get involved
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Growth of plantations
Price of slaves increased –
profitable to get into business
Civil wars intensified,
increasing need for guns,
availability of slaves
All Euro nations involved,
more African kingdoms
No laws prohibiting trade
Triangle Trade
institutionalized
◦ 6 mil. slaves traded in 18th c.
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Age of Enlightenment
& Revolution raised
awareness of equality
Humanitarian &
Abolition Movements
Great Britain takes
lead role
Industrialization ends
need for slavery
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Origins of the Russian State
◦ Led by Moscow during Mongol
Yoke
◦ Ivan III (the Great) unified Russia
◦ Ivan IV (the Terrible) centralized
power & expanded Russian
territory
◦ Time of Troubles (1604-13)
◦ Romanov Dynasty ruled from
1613 - 1917
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Peter the Great Westernizes
Russia
◦ Adopted European practices to
help Russia “catch up” to the
West
 Western bureaucracy
 Western military hierarchy &
navy
 Western culture
 Limited advancement of
economy
Core
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Gunpowder Empire
Organized, centralized
government
Steadily (although
slowly) expanding
economy
Contact with West
gradually increase after
Mongol expulsion
Periphery
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Trade & cultural
diffusion was limited
Coercive labor system
(serfdom) used and led
to frequent unrest
Primarily rural, agrarian
society
*However, because Russia was somewhat isolated and
was not exploited, could they be considered external?
1st Generation
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Umayyads, Abbasids,
Delhi Sultanate
Conquests by Arab
nomads
Enjoyed monopoly on
trade
No threat from Europe
Both
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2nd Generation
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Ottomans, Safavids,
Mughals
Conquest with large,
land-based army with
cannons
Competition for trade
Europeans catch up
Problems with succession
Warrior aristocracy dominant in politics
Diverse & divided population
Valued art, learning & creativity
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Overview
◦ Turkic Nomads emerge
after fall of Mongols
◦ Founder: Osman
◦ Conquered
Constantinople:
Mehmet II
◦ Ruler during Height:
Suleman I (the
Magnificent)
Characteristics
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Land & sea military &
economic power in
Mediterranean
Protectors of Islam
State geared towards
warfare
Government with
Sultan at top, vizier as
chief advisor
Challenges
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Empire too large &
diverse
Relied too heavily on
expansion and warfare
Succession problems
& corruption
Refusal to adopt new
innovations
◦ Especially from
Europe
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Overview
◦ Shi’a Dynasty arose from
struggles of Turkic groups &
rivalred Ottomans
◦ Founder: Sail al-Din
◦ First Shah: Ismail (took city
of Tabriz)
◦ Lost Battle of Chaldiran to
Ottomans (1514) key
moment
◦ Ruler during Height: Abbas
the Great
Characteristics
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Warrior aristocracy
dominated
Women seen as inferior
Valued culture and art
(esp. architecture)
Relied on gunpowder
technology against
enemies
Challenges
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Problems of succession
Shah’s separation from
reality/his people
Rebellion & outside
invasion
Limited trade options
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Overview
◦ Origins date back to Delhi
Sultanate
◦ Founder: Babur
◦ Empire Builder: Akbar
◦ Rulers at Height: Jahangir &
Shah Jahan
◦ Last Great Ruler: Aurengheb
Characteristics
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Centered in Northern
Plain – urban centers
After Akbar, empire
starts steady decline
Alternating periods of
tolerance & social
progress vs. intolerance
& social regression
Most rulers focus was
on military/cultural
achievement (not
administration of
empire)
Challenges
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Diverse religious
population
Rulers who were
distracted/disintereste
d in ruling
Large but military was
not fully modernized
Treasury depleted by
war & extravagance
European
encroachment
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Overview
◦ Key part of Indian
Ocean Trade route
◦ 1st area targeted by
Europeans
◦ Portuguese  Dutch 
British
◦ Joint stock trading
companies used to
indirectly rule over
areas
◦ Divide & conquer
tactics used
Characteristics
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Rich in natural
resources
Key choke-point for
trade
Politically, religiously,
culturally diverse
Challenges
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Vulnerable due to lack
of unity
Heavily targeted due to
riches
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Overview
◦ 1368 – 1644
◦ Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor
Hongwu) rose from peasant
background to lead
overthrow of Yuan
 Distrusted scholar gentry
◦ Strong period of rebirth in
China
Characteristics
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Confucianism
Returns
Military strength
emphasized
Chinese Age of
Exploration under
leadership of
Zenghe (1405-23)
Urban Revival
◦ Rebuilding of
Beijing
◦ Forbidden City
Challenges
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Power too
centralized
Court politics
resulted in constant
power struggle
Crime & rebellion
common
Foreign threat
continued to
increase
◦ Europeans & Manchus
◦ Attempt to isolate in
mid 1400s
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Overview
◦ 1644 – 1911
◦ Manchu Origins (north of
traditional Han China)
◦ Opened up trade with
Europeans
 Especially tea with British
◦ Cities grow (Canton)
*more detail in next Era
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Overview
◦ 1603-1850
◦ 3 Unifiers
 Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi,
Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Capital moved to Edo
Great Peace achieved
Contact to West opened
Isolation Policy adopted
Characteristics
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Great Peace
◦ Feudal wars stopped
◦ Samurai adopt admin.
duties
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Western Influence
Challenges
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◦ Portuguese introduce
firearms
◦ Christian missionaries
arrive
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◦ Warrior class resistant to
change
◦ Merchant class open to
change
Isolation Policy
◦ Reaction to
Westernization
◦ Attempt to maintain
culture
Remained class based
society with little
mobility
Challenge was to
accept modernization
while still maintaining
traditional culture
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Geography made
isolation policy logical
& relatively easy
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Had gunpowder technology
Did not put significant resources
into overseas exploration
Relatively stable & wealthy
Relationship with West & impact
was similar
Areas of great cultural
achievements
Women’s status declined
Population increased