Transcript Constitutional Era Washington and Adams

Federalist Era
Unit 4 Chapter 6
George
Washington
 “The Precedent President”
 1st to take office
 1st to create a cabinet
 1st to enforce laws
 1st to create treaties
 1st to amend the
Constitution
1st to say goodbye
Washington chooses experts to
advise him: Cabinet
 Position
 Secretary of State
 Treasury Secretary
 Attorney General
 Secretary of War
Person
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
Edmund Randolph
Henry Knox
Judiciary Act of 1789
 Created the national court system
 Including the Supreme Court
Bill of Rights
 1-9: Guaranteed the rights of ______?
 Individuals
 10th: Reserved powers of the ______?
 States
Financial Debate
 Alexander Hamilton’s Plan
 1) National government to take on and repay debt of
states and Confederation
 2) Create a national bank
 3) Create taxes to pay off debt and protect industry
Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan
 Who gets paid?
 Original Bond Holders
 No, they usually sold off their bonds.
 Speculators – They bought the shares around 10 cents to
the dollar but were paid in full by the government.
Is the National Bank legal?
No: Not in the Constitution
Yes:
Implied Power
Implied Power
 Constitution: Congress must do whatever is “necessary
and proper” to do its job
 Called the “Elastic Clause”
 Stretches the constitution
Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan
 Plan hurts farmers
 Protective Tariffs
 Excise Taxes
 Assumption of state debt hurts South more than
North
Whiskey Rebellion – 1791
 Pennsylvania Farmers
 Upset over tax on whiskey
 Attack federal courthouses and tax collectors
 Washington calls out the army to crush the rebellion
 Federal government flexes its muscles (Insures
Domestic Tranquility)
Political
Parties
Develop
 Parties
Federalists
Republicans
 Leaders
 Economy
 Interpret
Hamilton
Manufacturing
Loose
Constitution
 Section
Northeast
Support
 Govt.
Strong Central govt.
 Bank
Support BUS
Jefferson
Agriculture
Strict
South
State govt.
No BUS
Washington’s Foreign Policy
America adopts a policy
of NEUTRALITY during
European wars
Goodbye
 Washington’s Farewell:
 Advice: Avoid creation of:
 Political Parties
 Foreign Alliances
What do I have to know
 Identify: Tariff of 1789, Hamilton’s Plan, Bank of the
United States, Whiskey Rebellion
 What caused the Whiskey Rebellion
 What political parties developed during this time and
what were their characteristics.
New President:
 Problems: Quasi-War
 Undeclared War
 Cause:
 XYZ Affair
War between the Political Parties
 Alien & Sedition Act
 Why Aliens?
 Favored Republicans
 Sedition Act violated:
 Freedom of Speech
Republican Response:
 Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions:
 States can declare laws unconstitutional
 NULLIFICATION
Political Parties
 Controversy over the Federalists’ support for the Bank
of the US, the Jay Treaty, and the undeclared war on
France contributed to the emergence of an opposition
party
 The Democratic-Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson
and James Madison
 Election of 1800 won by Thomas Jefferson
Political parties
 Why did competing political parties develop during
the 1790’s?
 Different views of economic and foreign policy issues
led to the development of the first American political
parties.
Impact of the election of 1800
 It was the first American presidential election in which
power was peacefully transferred from one political
party to another.
Jeffersonian Democracy
 Political Party: Democratic Republican
 Constitutional Interpretation: Strict
 Pro-Farmer
 States Rights
Federalists
 Led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
 Believed in a strong national government and
commercial economy (manufacturing).
 They were supported by bankers and business
interests in the Northeast.
Democratic-Republicans
 Believed in a weak national government
 An agricultural economy
 They were supported by farmers, artisans and frontier
settlers in the South.
Government Philosophy
 Laissez – Faire: Leave it alone
 Goal: Smaller Government
 Reduce Debt
 Eliminate Whiskey Tax
 Reduce size of Army
Marbury v Madison
 Case: “Midnight Judge” sues for his job
 John Marshall Chief Justice of Supreme Court
 What was the big deal?
 Established the precedent of “judicial review”
Judicial Review
Empowers the Supreme Court to
decide if a law is constitutional or
unconstitutional.
The doctrine of judicial review set
forth in Marbury v. Madison
Chief Justice: John Marshall
Louisiana Purchase 1803
 United States offered $10 million to France for New
Orleans.
 French response:
 France offered the entire Louisiana territory for $15
million dollars
 Why?
 Napoleon needed money for his war in Europe
Jefferson’s Conflict
 Farm Land
VS
Constitutional Power
 Decision:
 Accepts a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution to
make the land purchase.
Louisiana Purchase
The new United States border
shifts from the Mississippi River
to the :
Rocky Mountains
Lewis & Clark
 Leaders of the fact finding expedition of the new
territory
 Sacagawea: Indian princess who serves as a guide to
the explores
International Problems
 Britain VS France
 Impressments:
 Forced service of U.S. sailors into the British Navy.
 British attacks angered America:
 Thomas Jefferson’s response: Embargo Act of 1807
What do I have to know?
 What were Jefferson’s belief on the size of
government? How did he go about achieving his
results?
 Who were the “midnight judges”? How did Jefferson
attempt to deal with them?
 Explain the significance of Marbury v. Madison. What
precedent did it set? Who was the Chief Justice who
presided over the event?
Jefferson’s Presidency
 What caused Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory

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
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to the United States?
What issues did T.J. have with the sale?
What was the significance of the deal?
Who were Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea?
What problems did American sailors have with Europe
during this time?
How did T.J. attempt to deal with this issue?
James Madison
 4th President of the United States
 “Little Man with Big Brain”
Major Issues
 American Exports go down
 War of 1812
 Causes of War of 1812: Trade Restrictions
 Farmers in South and West hurt economically
 British support Indian attacks on the frontier
 Impressments of American Sailors
 Desire for Canada
Battle of Tippecanoe
 Indian Chief: Tecumseh
 U.S. Leader: William Henry Harrison
 Fight over American movement into the frontier.
 Indians flee to Canada
 War Hawks: Name given to American leaders who are
in favor of war.
War of 1812
 Battle of Fort McHenry, 1812
 Francis Scott Key: Oh Say Can You See, By The Dawn’s
Early Light…
 Treaty of Ghent ends the war on
December 24,
1814
 “Not an inch gained, nor an inch lost.”
Effects of War of 1812
 Nationalism increased
 Proved our independence – Second War for
Independence
 Federalist Party was Destroyed
 Northeast manufacturing was able to grow
Battle of New Orleans
January 8, 1815
 Fought after the peace treaty signed
 Made a hero out of Andrew Jackson
What Do I Have To Know?
 What were the causes of the war of 1812?
 Explain the importance of the Battle of fort McHenry
to American tradition?
 What made the Battle of New Orleans so unique?
 Who emerged from War of 1812 as our greatest military
hero?
 What was the Treaty of Ghent?