Transcript Jackson PPT

Thomas Jefferson and
His Presidency
Election of 1800
Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr both tie with 73
votes. It goes to the House and Hamilton controls
the outcome and chooses Jefferson! Why?






He hates Burr more than Jefferson!
Thomas Jefferson became our 3rd president
The Democratic-Republicans took control of
Congress
The Twelfth Amendment was added to the
Constitution

Pres and VP run as a ticket
"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."
(Appealing to both Parties)
Election of 1800

Referred to as constituting “another revolution”


the party in power (Federalist) stepped down after
losing the election
Changes made by Jefferson








Size of the military reduced (Why?)
Number of Federal employees increased
Amount of national debt reduced
Alien and Sedition Acts repealed (Why?)
Lowered Government Expenses, Cut Taxes
Increased the power of Agricultural in the South.
Free Trade w/o Government Control
Reduced the size of the National Bank (Why?)
Judiciary Act 1801

Increases the Number of Federal Judges
to 16.
The Midnight Judges



John Adams filled all open positions with
Federalist Judges!
Adams appoints one right before Jefferson
takes office. (Why?) Hence the midnight
judge.
This causes some problems for the
Supreme Court… Stay tuned!
Marbury Vs. Madison (1803)




William Marbury – A Supreme court judge
appointed by Adams on his last night of
Office.
Jefferson ordered the Secretary of state
(James Madison) not to deliver the official
papers to Marbury the next day.
Marbury Sued Madison over this matter.
What does the Supreme court do? Does
Marbury win?
Marbury Vs. Madison Continued





Supreme court rules against Marbury!
Why?
Jefferson was going to ignore the
appointment & therefore ignore the
supreme court.
So…The Supreme Court protects their
power keeping judicial review.
Judicial Review- Gives the SC the power to
decide which laws are Constitutional.

Hamilton Vs. Burr



Duel (1804) When two
gentleman cannot settle an
argument and ones honor is
in question they use Pistols
to settled it.
Hamilton Supported Burr’s
Opponent in the New York
Governors race.
Burr Challenges Hamilton
and Kills him.
Hamilton Never fires a shot.
TOUSSAINT L’ OUVERTURE
LEADS A SLAVE REVOLT
AGAINST THE FRENCH
NAPOLEON SENDS
20,000 TROOPS
YELLOW FEVER AND
L’OUVERTURE’S ARMY
DEFEAT THE FRENCH
Slaves earn their
freedom in France!
Unfortunately Takes
longer in the US!
Because of trouble in
France Napoleon needs
Money and Allies!
Which leads to….?
Louisiana Purchase








Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to:
Give the United States control over the Mississippi River
Acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops.
Hoped to preserve an agricultural (agrarian) society by making
abundant lands available to future generations.
To prevent war with France over control of the Louisiana Territory
and secure American commerce.
Jefferson sends James Monroe & Robert Livingston to Paris.
They were to buy New Orleans they could pay as much as $
10 Million dollars.
IF THE FRENCH REFUSE, MONROE IS TO FORM AN ALLIANCE
WITH BRITAIN AGAINST FRANCE.
Louisiana Purchase

April 30, 1803




Robert Livingston &
James Monroe signed
the Louisiana Purchase
Treaty in Paris
The United States paid
$15 million for the
land, roughly 4 cents per
acre
The purchase added
828,000 square miles
of land west of the
Mississippi to the United
States
July 4 the Louisiana
Purchase is publicly
announced
Original treaty can be found at:
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_o
riginals_iv/sections/louisiana_purchase_treaty
.html
Maps of the Louisiana Purchase
The original maps can be found at:
http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/hstaa432/lesson_4/louisiana.html
JEFFERSON’S PRINCIPLES
GET IN THE WAY.



Jefferson is a strict Constructionist
Must use implied powers to justify the deal
Federalist attack Jefferson for stretching the Constitution.
Lewis and Clark Expedition


January 18, 1803
 Jefferson asks Congress
for funds to explore the
land west of the
Mississippi
 His goal is to find a
water route to the Pacific
May 1804
 Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark depart on
the expedition
Map of Lewis and Clark’s Route
Original map can be found at:
http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/maptrack_b.html
Lewis and Clark Expedition
January 18, 1803
 Jefferson sends a secret
message to congress regarding
the Lewis and Clark Expedition
 In this message Jefferson asks
for permission to establish
trading with the Indians
Goal
 ASCEND THE MISSOURI RIVER
AND CROSS TO THE PACIFIC
 SURVEY THE AREA AND
ESTABLISH RELATIONS WITH
THE INDIANS

Embargo Act 1807
Forbade export of all goods from U.S.



Jefferson got Congress to hastily pass the act
Reasoned that a U.S. embargo would force Britain & France
to respect its rights.
Loose construction of the Constitution




Congress' power to "regulate commerce" meant it could stop exports.
Undermined Jefferson’s states’ rights philosophy
Embargo Act was a disaster to the U.S. economy.
Why? We need foreign business more than they do.
Non Intercourse Act (ended Embargo Act)


Formally reopened trade with all nations of the world except
France and Britain
Remained U.S. policy until War of 1812.
JEFFERSON VS THE PASHA
OF TRIPOLI



JEFFERSON OPPOSED LARGE ARMIES AND NAVIES
A THREAT TO THE GOVERNMENT
 Barbary Pirates take bribe money from US ships so
that they don’t take their cargo.
 Pirates demands increase
 Jefferson won’t pay them, and tries to over through
the gov’t of Tripoli but does not succeed.
 Jefferson realizes that with out a real military our
nation is at risk.
AND EXPENSIVE
 Because of the failed gov’t over through we pay
$60,000 in ransom.
Evaluating Jefferson
Positives



Expands the size of the
United States. “Louisiana
Purchase”
Keeps US out of a costly
war
Preserves neutrality
Negatives
• Contradicts his own interpretation of
the constitution.
•Weak military
•Too concern about expanding the
country.
Jefferson’s Legacy




Expansion became prime goal
Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic
government
Total defeat of Federalists by 1816
Jefferson kept the country out of a
damaging European war

War of 1812 not until late in Madison’s first
term.
War Begins





The War Hawks were
confident in a quick victory
But the Americans were
unprepared for war
The regular army had fewer
than 7,000 troops
States added between 50,000
and 100,000 poorly trained
militia
Veterans of the American
Revolution were too old for
warfare
More of the War Begins







Not everyone supported “Mr.
Madison’s War”
The Americans underestimated
the strength of the British and their
Native American Allies
War began in July of 1812
General William Hull led the
American army from Detroit into
Canada
Tecumseh and his warriors met Hull,
and Hull surrendered Detroit to the
British
William Henry Harrison also made
an unsuccessful attempt to invade
Canada
Harrison decided that the Americans
could not do anything as long as the
British controlled Lake Erie
Naval Battles





Oliver Hazard Perry was
ordered to seize Lake Erie
from the British
September 10, 1813Perry’s ship defeated the
British naval force
Perry sent a message to
General Harrison that said
“We have met the enemy
and they are ours”
Harrison cut off the British
and Indian allies on
October 5th
The Battle of the ThamesTecumseh was killed
The Americans Attack






Americans attacked the town
of York (Present day
Toronto)
Burned parliament buildings
Canada was not conquered,
but the Americans won some
victories by the end of 1813
The U.S. Navy had 3 of the
fastest frigates
The Constitution destroyed
four British vessels in four
months
Privateers captured many
British vessels
Setbacks for Native Americans





Before the Battle of the
Thames, Tecumseh talked with
the Creeks about the
Confederation
But hopes of a Confederation
died with Tecumseh
March 1814- Andrew
Jackson attacked the Creeks
Jackson’s forces slaughtered
more than 550 Creek people
Known as the Battle of
Horseshoe Bend, the defeat
forced the Creeks to give up
their lands
Why was Tecumseh’s death such a setback for the
British?
A. Because he was such
a good warrior.
B. Because he might have
united the Native American
nations against the United States.
D. Because the United States
feared him.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
0%
D
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
C. Because he knew how to
navigate the rough terrain
of the northwest.
A.
The British Offensive







Spring 1814- British put full
attention to war in America
The British had defeated
Napoleon and sent more troops to
America
August 1814- The British sailed
into Chesapeake Bay
Marched to Washington D.C. and
overpowered the American Militia
“They proceeded, without a
moment’s delay, to burn and
destroy everything in the most
distant degree connected with the
government”
The Capital and White House
were burned
A thunderstorm put out the fires
Baltimore Holds Firm








The British did not try to hold
Washington D.C.
They left and sailed north to
Baltimore
The people of Baltimore held firm
against the British
Defense from Fort McHenry in the
harbor kept the British from
entering the city
Francis Scott Key, an attorney,
watched the bombs burst over
Fort McHenry during the night of
September 13-14
That morning he saw the
American flag still flying
He wrote a poem that later
became known asThe Star Spangled Banner
Defeat at Plattsburgh






General Sir George Prevost
led more than 10,000
British troops into New York
from Canada
His goal was to capture
Plattsburgh on Lake
Champlain
American naval forces
defeated the British fleet in
1814
The British retreated into
Canada
The British decided the war
was too costly and
unnecessary
The British would gain little
and was not worth the
Battle of New Orleans







The British moved closer
to New Orleans
Andrew Jackson and his
troops waited for them
British attacked on
January 8, 1815
Jackson said don’t fire
until you see the whites
of their eyes
American riflemen
behind cotton bales and
mowed down the
redcoats
21 Americans were
killed
2,030 British were lost
The War Ends






American and British
representatives signed
the Treaty of Ghent in
December 24, 1814
What is the problem?
Battle of New OrleansJanuary 8, 1815 and the
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
Treaty showed that there
was no clear winner
No territory changed
hands
Nothing was mentioned
about the impressment
of sailors
American Nationalism








New England Federalists opposed
“Mr. Madison’s War” from the
start
They made a list of proposed
amendments to the Constitution
In the triumph following the war,
the Federalists’ grievances
seemed unpatriotic
The party lost the public’s respect
and was weakened
The War Hawks took over the
leadership of the Republican Party
and carried on the Federalist
philosophy of a STRONG central
government
They favored trade, western
expansion, development of the
economy, and a strong army and
navy
After the war, Americans felt a
new sense of patriotism and
national identity
The nation also gained respect
Which Federalist principle did the
Republicans retain when they took control
of the government after the War of 1812?
A. raising taxes to repay
the war debt
A.
D. a strict interpretation of
the Constitution
0%
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
0%
D
0%
B
C. a strong central government
A
0%
C
B. the idea of implied powers
How did the United States benefit
from the War of 1812?
1. End to the threat of a Native American
confederation
2. Growth of national pride
3. National identity
4. Respect from other nations