Transcript Political & Territorial Changes in the Early 19th Century

Political Changes in the
th
Early 19 Century
Judiciary Act of 1789
•
The Judiciary Act of 1789 organized a
judicial branch with a six-person Supreme
Court, as well as district courts and circuit
courts of appeal.
–Washington named John Jay as chief
justice of the Supreme Court.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Hamilton created a controversial three–point
plan.
 Three Parts of Plan
1. The federal government should take on
both state and national debt.
2. The government should raise revenue by
passing tariffs.
3. The United States should create a national
bank and mint to stabilize the banking
system.
Bank of the United States

By far the most controversial part of Hamilton’s plan was the idea of a
national bank.

Some people believed the government did not have the power to
create a national bank because it was not specifically granted in the
Constitution.
• Those people were called strict constructionists.

Some people pointed out that the Constitution allows actions that
are not strictly prohibited
• Those people were called loose constructionists.

Jefferson urged Washington to veto the bank bill, but Hamilton
convinced him that being flexible was important to the government.

Hamilton and Jefferson’s differences led to the creation of political parties.
• Those who supported Jefferson were the Democratic-Republicans.
• Those who supported Hamilton were the Federalists
Supreme Court Decisions

Marbury vs. Madison-Supreme Court ruled the
Court had the right to declare a law
unconstitutional
 McCulloch v. Maryland: Sided with the federal
government on the national bank issue, holding
national interests above state interests
 Gibbons v. Ogden: Gave the national
government sole right to regulate interstate
commerce
The War of 1812
•
In 1803 the Napoleonic Wars broke out between
France and Great Britain.
• The U.S. was involved, as both French and British
warships stopped American merchant ships, and
the British began seizing and drafting Americans
at sea.
• Americans were angered when they discovered
the British were helping Native Americans against
the settlers in the Northwest Territory.
• A group of young members of Congress known as
the War Hawks called for war against the British
to protect American interests.
The War of 1812: Causes and Effects

The War of 1812 was the second war between
the British and Americans in North America. It
ranged from Canada in the north to Louisiana in
the south.
 In the final battle, Americans won a decisive
victory when General Andrew Jackson led
American troops against a large British force in
New Orleans.
 While Jackson fought at New Orleans, a peace
treaty had already been signed.
The War of 1812: Causes and Effects
Causes
 British
impressment of American sailors
 International
 British
conflicts over commerce
military aid to Native Americans on
the Northwest Territory frontier
The War of 1812: Causes and Effects
Effects
 Foreign
respect for the U.S.
 National
pride
 Increase
in American manufacturing
 Less
Native American resistance
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine: Made America off-limits
to European colonization; stated that America
should stay out of European affairs and vice
versa
Second Bank of the United States
The National Bank
 Congress
established the Second Bank of
the United States in 1816 to regulate state
banks, which grew rapidly after the demise
of the First Bank of the United States.
 Jackson
sealed the fate of the bank by
ordering the secretary of the treasury to
remove national bank money and put it in
state banks.
Territorial Changes in
th
the Early 19 Century
Louisiana Purchase
 One
of Jefferson’s major achievements was
the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from
France, known as the Louisiana Purchase.
 Jefferson finally decided that the right to
purchase territory was implicit in the
constitutional power to make treaties.
 Jefferson sent out expeditions, including the
Lewis and Clark expedition.

The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the
Pacific Ocean and mapped and surveyed much
territory along the way.
Adams-Onis Treaty
 The Adams-Onís
Treaty (1819): Acquired
Florida as a boundary between Louisiana
and Spanish land; let Americans settle
Oregon for 10 years
Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers
 Some Americans
believed in Manifest
Destiny, which meant they thought it was
America’s God-given right to settle
western lands.
Manifest Destiny Encourages Settlers

Several major western trails were wellestablished by 1850:
•
•
•
The Santa Fe Trail led from Independence, Missouri
to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
The Oregon Trail was the longest, most famous trail
leading from Independence Missouri to the Willamette
Valley in Oregon.
The Mormon Trail was the path that Joseph Smith’s
persecuted Mormons followed in search of religious
freedom in the West.
The Gold Rush

In 1848 a carpenter discovered gold in northern California.

News of gold spread and many migrated to California; this mass
migration of miners, and businesspeople who made money from
miners, was called the Gold Rush.

The 80,000 migrants called forty-niners left for California in 1849;
this population boom enabled California’s statehood a year later.

Many came on the California Trail, on ships, and on mule trains.

In California, miners moved into camps and businesspeople moved
into booming cities like San Francisco, Sacramento, and Stockton.