Transcript Review notes for Unit 3 Early National Period

Major Events
1800 - 1850
VUS.6 a
7/6/2010
Go West Young Man!
► Economic
and strategic interests, supported
by popular beliefs, led to westward
expansion to the Pacific Ocean.
► Prior to the Civil War U. S. experienced
dramatic territorial expansion, immigration,
economic growth, and industrialization.
► The ideology of “Manifest Destiny” cause
people to go to new frontiers.
2
Policy of Indian Removal
► Conflict
between American settlers and
American Indian nations in the Southeast
and the old Northwest resulted in the
relocation of many American Indians to
reservations.
► Trail of Tears
3
Washington’s Presidency
President
Washington
Vice President
John Adams
Secretary
of State
Thomas Jefferson
Secretary
of War
General Henry Knox
Secretary of
the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton
4
Washington’s Presidency
The new government faced enormous debt. Alexander Hamilton
proposed a two part plan for a national economic system including a
national bank.
One made government responsible for
all Revolutionary War debts, and
funded that debt at its full value.
► Second part, adopted over the strong
objections of Madison and Jefferson,
created a National Bank, to give the
government some control of the money
system. The Bank was a private stock
corporation, but one-fifth of the
members of its board of directors were
to be appointed by the government.
The dispute over the constitutionality of the Bank was a fundamental
reason for the beginning of the first political party system.
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Washington’s Presidency
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The French Revolution became
an important domestic issue
when France declared war
against England in 1793
The French position argued
that the 1778 treaty that
obligated the U.S. to support
France against her enemies.
Hamilton argued that the
treaty was with the French
king, and did not apply.
Jefferson believed the treaty
was with the French people.
Neither wanted war with
England.
The French ambassador,
Genét, angered possible
supporters by recruiting
Americans as privateers.
•Washington received Genét
coldly, and in the end
proclaimed American neutrality.
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Washington’s Presidency
Both the British and French were angered by the
Proclamation of Neutrality and policy led to
undeclared war with both. U.S. merchant ships were
attacked by both.
U.S. Soldiers were forced into “impressments”.
John Jay, the first Supreme Court Chief Justice,
was sent to England to negotiate what became
Jay’s Treaty. Many politicians did not like it
because it did not stop attacks on merchant ships
and restricted trade. However, It did get the British
to leave western forts and stop supplying Indians
with weapons. Opposition to Jay’s Treaty helped
lead to the formation of the Democratic
Republican party.
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Washington’s Presidency
Part of Hamilton's plan to
pay the Revolutionary War
debt was to impose an
excise tax on whiskey. In
1794 farmers in western
Pennsylvania resisted tax
collectors in the Whiskey
Rebellion.
President Washington led a force of 15,000 men to put
down the rebellion but when he got there, there were no
rebels to be found! The contrast between this rebellion
and Shay’s rebellion is often used to show the effect of
the Constitution and a strong central government.
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st
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Political Parties
► After
George
Washington’s
presidency ended in
the late 1790s, the
first political parties
emerged.
Washington’s home, Mount Vernon
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Political Parties
The Federalists
John Adams and Alexander
Hamilton
believed in a strong
national government
Commercial economy
supported by bankers and
business interests in the
Northeast
Democratic
Republicans
► Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison
► believed in a weak
national government
► agricultural economy
► supported by farmers,
artisans, and frontier
settlers in the South.
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John Adams’ Presidency
► XYZ
Affair - John Adams sent three
ministers, Pinckney, Gerry and John
Marshall, to Paris to try to negotiate an end
to the Quasi-War with France. The French
minister communicated with them through
three underlings and demanded an
enormous "bribe" from the Americans. The
Americans refused to pay the bribe, and
referred to the agents as "X, Y, and Z" in
their report, thus naming the episode.
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John Adams’ Presidency
► Alien
and Sedition Acts – After the XYZ Affair,
Anti-French feelings grew and many felt war with
France was inevitable. In preparation for war, the
Federalists passed the "Alien and Sedition Acts,"
providing for the deportation of enemy aliens and
fining persons who criticized the government.
Democratic-Republicans believed that the acts had
the political purpose of silencing their party and
was against the 1st amendment of Free Speech.
12
The Election of 1800
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Tie between Aaron Burr
and Jefferson.
Hamilton used influence to
help Jefferson win in
electoral college tie
breaker
first presidential election
in which power was
peacefully transferred from
one party to another.
Won by Thomas Jefferson
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Burr kills Hamilton
Aaron Burr and Alexander
Hamilton dueled on July 11,
1804. Burr was still Vice
President, although Jefferson
had chosen a new running
mate for that year's
presidential election, when
his quarrels with Hamilton
reached a climax in April
1804.
Hamilton had played a decisive role in Burr's defeat in the
1804 race for governor of New York. In the duel that
resulted, Hamilton was killed, but the duel ended Burr's
political career.
14
Supreme Court under Chief Justice
John Marshall
► Marbury
v. Madison established the power of the
federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional
(“judicial review”)
► McCulloch v. Maryland prohibited the states from
taxing agencies of the federal government and
established the “implied” power of Congress to
establish a National Bank
► Gibbons v. Ogden – established a national view of
the economy by ruling in favor of national control
of interstate trade
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Jefferson’s Presidency
►In
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
1803 Jefferson
purchased Louisiana
Territory from France
►doubled the size of the
United States.
►He authorized the Lewis
and Clark expedition to
explore the new territories
that lay west of the
Mississippi River
►Sacajawea, an American
Indian woman, served as
their guide and translator.
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James Madison’s Presidency
► James
Madison elected
President in 1808
► Secretary of State
under Jefferson
► Democratic Republican
► Last “Founding Father”
to become President.
► Declares War on Britain
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War of 1812
Causes of the War:
► Impressments (Britain took
American sailors off of American
ships and made them serve in the
British navy.)
► Freedom of the seas (The United
States was being forced by both
Britain and France to choose sides if
the United States wanted to trade
freely with either country)
"The President's House after the Conflagration
of August 24, 1814." In order to cover up the
smoke marks above the windows, the mansion
was later painted white, which led to its being
called the White House
►
The Embargo of 1807 (Jefferson
•
The Barbary pirates (These were privateers in the Mediterranean Sea off
•
the coast of North Africa who were also trying to impede American shipping.)
The Napoleonic Wars (In this ongoing European struggle between Britain
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and France, both countries wanted the United States to be on their side.)
decided to cut off all trade.This had a
ruinous effect on the American
economy.)
War of 1812
American incursions into the
Indian territories in northern
Ohio and Indiana had forced the
Indians in that area to form a
confederacy under the brilliant
leadership of Tenskwatawa, and
his brother, Tecumseh.
The defeat of Tecumseh and his warriors at the Battle of
Tippecanoe by the American general William Henry
Harrison in November 1811 insured that the Indians would
have to ally themselves with the English to survive during
the War of 1812. The “War Hawks” in Congress wanted tyo
push “on the Canada”
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War of 1812
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War of 1812 - American victory
over the British
Treaty of Ghent ends war in Dec.
of 1814
produced an American claim to the
Oregon Territory
increased migration of American
settlers into Florida, which was
later acquired by treaty from Spain
in 1819.
Battle of New Orleans – Andrew
Jackson wins against the British
The British had attempted to prevent American merchants from sending
supplies to France, and had further angered the Americans by "impressing"
seamen from American ships. These led to the War of 1812, in which the
Americans again fought off the British, ending the conflict between the two
countries. Actually, this battle (the Battle of New Orleans) took place after the
U.S.-British negotiators had signed the terms of peace in Ghent.
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Francis Scott Key
described the
scene of the
British
bombardment of
the Fort in his
stirring poem, The
War of 1812
Star Spangled
Banner, published
in Baltimore and
widely distributed
as a song sung to
a popular drinking
ballad tune,
Anacreon in
Heaven. The tune
and its verses
were not adopted
as the national
anthem until
1931.
21
James Monroe’s Presidency
► James
Madison become
President in 1816
► Democratic-Republican
► James Madison’s Secretary
of State & Secretary of War
► Federalist Party dies out
► Starts the “Era of Good
Feeling”
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The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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The American continents
should not be considered
for future colonization by
any European powers.
Nations in the Western
Hemisphere were
inherently different from
those of Europe, republics
by nature rather than
monarchies.
• The United States would regard as a threat to its own
peace and safety any attempt by European powers to
impose their system on any independent state in the
Western Hemisphere.
• The United States would not interfere in European
affairs
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Go West Young Man!
► American
settlers poured westward from the
coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and
Texas, seeking economic opportunity in the form
of land to own and farm.
A 20-star U.S. flag. After the War of
1812, westward expansion brought a
new state into the Union each year:
Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1817,
Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 1819,
with new admissions alternating
between states in the old Northwest
territory where slavery was forbidden,
and the Old Southwest where slavery
flourished.
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Go West Young Man!
►
The growth of railroads
and canals helped the
growth of an industrial
economy and supported
the westward movement
of settlers.
►
Eli Whitney’s invention of
the cotton gin led to the
spread of the slaverybased “cotton kingdom” in
the Deep South.
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Don’t Mess with Texas!
► American
migration into
Texas led to an armed
revolt against Mexican
rule and a famous battle
at the Alamo.
► The Texans’ eventual
victory over Mexican
forces subsequently
brought Texas into the
Union.
On March 1, 1836, Texas declared itself
independent. Mexican President Santa
Anna arrived in San Antonio in March
1836 with an inexperienced and poorly
equipped army. He called for the
surrender of the Alamo, but its
defenders, none of whom was Texasborn, refused and were martyred.
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Don’t Mess with Texas!
► The
American victory in
the Mexican War during
the 1840s led to the
acquisition of an
enormous territory that
included the present-day
states of California,
Nevada, Utah, Arizona,
and parts of Colorado and
New Mexico.
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Go West Young Man!
► The
belief that it
was America’s
“Manifest Destiny”
to stretch from
Atlantic to Pacific
provided political
support for
territorial
expansion.
The phrase that was coined to
justify American expansion was first
used in 1844 by John L. O'Sullivan,
in the U.S. Magazine and
Democratic Review: it was
America's "Manifest Destiny to
overspread the continent."
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Go West Young Man!
► During
this period of westward migration,
the American Indians were repeatedly
defeated in violent conflicts with settlers
and soldiers and forcibly removed from their
ancestral homelands. They were either
forced to march far away from their homes
(the “Trail of Tears,” when several tribes
were relocated from Atlantic Coast states to
Oklahoma) or confined to reservations.
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The forcible removal of the American Indians (First Americans) from
their lands would continue throughout the remainder of the nineteenth
century as settlers continued to move west following the Civil War.
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