Transcript Won by Thomas Jefferson

CHA3U
American History
Major Events
in American History
1800 - 1850
Washington’s Presidency
President
Washington
Vice President
John Adams
Secretary
of State
Thomas Jefferson
Secretary
of War
General Henry Knox
Secretary of
the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton
Washington’s Presidency
The new government faced enormous debt. Alexander Hamilton
proposed a two part plan for a national economic system including a
national bank.
One part made government responsible
for all Revolutionary War debts, and funded
that debt at its full value.
 Second part, adopted over the strong
objections of Madison and Jefferson,
created a National Bank, to give the
government some control of the money
system. The Bank was a private stock
corporation, but one-fifth of the members
of its board of directors were to be
appointed by the government.

The dispute over the constitutionality of the Bank was a fundamental
reason for the beginning of the first political party system.
Washington’s Presidency
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The French Revolution became
an important domestic issue
when France declared war against
England in 1793
The French position argued that
the 1778 treaty that obligated the
U.S. to support France against her
enemies.
Hamilton argued that the treaty
was with the French king, and did
not apply. Jefferson believed the
treaty was with the French
people. Neither wanted war with
England.
The French ambassador, Genét,
angered possible supporters by
recruiting Americans as
privateers.
•Washington received Genét
coldly, and in the end
proclaimed American neutrality.
Washington’s Presidency
Both the British and French were angered by the
Proclamation of Neutrality and policy led to
undeclared war with both. U.S. merchant ships were
attacked by both.
U.S. Soldiers were forced into “impressments”.
John Jay, the first Supreme Court
Chief Justice, was sent to England to
negotiate what became Jay’s Treaty.
Many politicians did not like it
because it did not stop attacks on
merchant ships and restricted trade.
However, It did get the British to
leave western forts and stop
supplying Indians with weapons.
Washington’s Presidency
Part of Hamilton's plan to pay
the Revolutionary War debt
was to impose an excise tax
on whiskey. In 1794 farmers
in western Pennsylvania
resisted tax collectors in the
Whiskey Rebellion.
President Washington led a force of 15,000 men to put
down the rebellion but when he got there, there were no
rebels to be found! The contrast between this rebellion
and Shay’s rebellion is often used to show the effect of
the Constitution and a strong central government.
1st Political Parties
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After George
Washington’s
presidency ended in the
late 1790s, the first
political parties
emerged.
Washington’s home, Mount Vernon
1st Political Parties
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The Federalists
John Adams and
Alexander Hamilton
believed in a strong
national government
industrial economy
supported by bankers
and business interests in
the Northeast
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Democratic
Republicans
Thomas Jefferson and
James Madison
believed in a weak
national government
agricultural economy
supported by farmers,
artisans, and frontier
settlers in the South.
John Adams’ Presidency
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XYZ Affair - John Adams sent three
ministers, Pinckney, Gerry and John
Marshall, to Paris to try to negotiate an
end to the Quasi-War with France. The
French minister communicated with them
through three underlings and demanded
an enormous "bribe" from the Americans.
The Americans refused to pay the bribe,
and referred to the agents as "X,Y, and Z"
in their report, thus naming the episode.
John Adams’ Presidency
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Alien and Sedition Acts – After the XYZ
Affair, Anti-French feelings grew and many felt
war with France was inevitable. In preparation
for war, the Federalists passed the "Alien and
Sedition Acts," providing for the deportation of
enemy aliens and fining persons who criticized
the government. Democratic-Republicans
believed that the acts had the political purpose
of silencing their party and was against the 1st
amendment of Free Speech.
The Election of 1800
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Tie between Aaron Burr
and Jefferson.
Hamilton used influence to
help Jefferson win in
electoral college tie breaker
first presidential election in
which power was peacefully
transferred from one party
to another.
Won by Thomas Jefferson
Burr kills Hamilton
Aaron Burr and Alexander
Hamilton dueled on July 11,
1804. Burr was still Vice
President, although Jefferson
had chosen a new running
mate for that year's
presidential election, when his
quarrels with Hamilton
reached a climax in April 1804.
Hamilton had played a decisive role in Burr's defeat in the
1804 race for governor of New York. In the duel that
resulted, Hamilton was killed, but the duel ended Burr's
political career.
Supreme Court under Chief Justice
John Marshall

Marbury v. Madison established the power
of the federal courts to declare laws
unconstitutional (“judicial review”)
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McCulloch v. Maryland prohibited the
states from taxing agencies of the federal
government (“the power to tax is the
power to destroy”)
Jefferson’s Presidency
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Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
In 1803 Jefferson purchased
Louisiana Territory from
France
doubled the size of the
United States.
He authorized the Lewis and
Clark expedition to explore
the new territories that lay
west of the Mississippi River
Sacajawea, an Indian woman,
served as their guide and
translator.
Crash Course – Jefferson
James Madison’s Presidency
James Madison elected
President in 1808
 Secretary of State under
Jefferson
 Democratic Republican
 Last “Founding Father” to
become President.
 Declares War on Britain
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War of 1812
Causes of the War:
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Impressments (Britain took American
sailors off of American ships and made
them serve in the British navy.)
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Freedom of the seas (The United
States was being forced by both Britain
and France to choose sides if the United
States wanted to trade freely with either
country)
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The Embargo of 1807 (Jefferson
decided to cut off all trade.This had a
ruinous effect on the American
economy.)
"The President's House after the Conflagration
of August 24, 1814." In order to cover up the
smoke marks above the windows, the mansion
was later painted white, which led to its being
called the White House
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The Barbary pirates (These were privateers in the Mediterranean Sea off
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the coast of North Africa who were also trying to impede American shipping.)
The Napoleonic Wars (In this ongoing European struggle between Britain
and France, both countries wanted the United States to be on their side.)
War of 1812
American incursions into the
Indian territories in northern
Ohio and Indiana had forced the
Indians in that area to form a
confederacy under the brilliant
leadership of Tenskwatawa, and his
brother, Tecumseh.
The defeat of Tecumseh and his warriors at the Battle of
Tippecanoe by the American general William Henry
Harrison in November 1811 insured that the Indians would
have to ally themselves with the English to survive during
the War of 1812. The “War Hawks” in Congress wanted to
push “on the Canada”
War of 1812
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War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent ends war in
Dec. of 1814
produced an American claim to
the Oregon Territory
increased migration of
American settlers into Florida,
which was later acquired by
treaty from Spain in 1819.
Battle of New Orleans – Andrew
Jackson wins against the British
The British had attempted to prevent American merchants from sending supplies to France, and had
further angered the Americans by "impressing" seamen from American ships. These led to the War
of 1812, in which the Americans again fought off the British, ending the conflict between the two
countries. Actually, this battle (the Battle of New Orleans) took place after the U.S.-British negotiators
had signed the terms of peace in Ghent.
War of 1812
Francis Scott Key
described the scene
of the British
bombardment of
the Fort in his
stirring poem, The
Star Spangled
Banner, published in
Baltimore and
widely distributed
as a song sung to a
popular drinking
ballad tune,
Anacreon in Heaven.
The tune and its
verses were not
adopted as the
national anthem
until 1931.
War of 1812
James Monroe’s Presidency
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James Madison become
President in 1816
Democratic-Republican
James Madison’s Secretary of
State & Secretary of War
Federalist Party dies out
Starts the “Era of Good
Feeling”
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
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The American continents
should not be considered
for future colonization by
any European powers.
Nations in the Western
Hemisphere were inherently
different from those of
Europe, republics by nature
rather than monarchies.
• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and
safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on
any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.
• The United States would not interfere in European affairs
Go West Young Man!
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American settlers poured westward from the coastal
states into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas,
seeking economic opportunity in the form of land to
own and farm.
A 20-star U.S. flag. After the War of
1812, westward expansion brought a
new state into the Union each year:
Indiana in 1816, Mississippi in 1817,
Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 1819,
with new admissions alternating
between states in the old Northwest
territory where slavery was forbidden,
and the Old Southwest where slavery
flourished.
Go West Young Man!
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The growth of railroads and
canals helped the growth of
an industrial economy and
supported the westward
movement of settlers.
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Eli Whitney’s invention of
the cotton gin led to the
spread of the slavery-based
“cotton kingdom” in the
Deep South.
Don’t Mess with Texas!
American migration into
Texas led to an armed
revolt against Mexican
rule and a famous battle
at the Alamo.
 The Texans’ eventual
victory over Mexican
forces subsequently
brought Texas into the
Union.
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On March 1, 1836, Texas declared itself
independent. Mexican President Santa
Anna arrived in San Antonio in March
1836 with an inexperienced and poorly
equipped army. He called for the
surrender of the Alamo, but its
defenders, none of whom was Texasborn, refused and were martyred.
Don’t Mess with Texas!
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The American victory in
the Mexican War during the
1840s led to the acquisition
of an enormous territory
that included the presentday states of California,
Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and
parts of Colorado and New
Mexico.
Go West Young Man!
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The belief that it was
America’s “Manifest
Destiny” to stretch
from Atlantic to
Pacific provided
political support for
territorial expansion.
The phrase that was coined to
justify American expansion was first
used in 1844 by John L. O'Sullivan,
in the U.S. Magazine and
Democratic Review: it was
America's "Manifest Destiny to
overspread the continent."
Go West Young Man!
Economic and strategic interests,
supported by popular beliefs, led to
westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean.
 Prior to the Civil War U. S. experienced
dramatic territorial expansion,
immigration, economic growth, and
industrialization.
 The ideology of “Manifest Destiny” cause
people to go to new frontiers.
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Go West Young Man!
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During this period of westward migration,
the American Indians were repeatedly
defeated in violent conflicts with settlers
and soldiers and forcibly removed from
their ancestral homelands. They were
either forced to march far away from
their homes (the “Trail of Tears,” when
several tribes were relocated from
Atlantic Coast states to Oklahoma) or
confined to reservations.
Policy of Indian Removal
Conflict between American settlers and
Indian (First American) nations in the
Southeast and the old Northwest
resulted in the relocation of many Indians
(First Americans) to
reservations.
 Trail of Tears
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The forcible removal of the American Indians (First Americans) from
their lands would continue throughout the remainder of the nineteenth
century as settlers continued to move west following the Civil War.
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