Transcript Race and Dissent Under Jefferson

American Stories
THIRD EDITION
By: Brands •
Chapter
8
Republican
Ascendancy: The
Jeffersonian Vision
1800‒1814
Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian
Vision, 1800‒1814
8.1
The Republic Expands
How did the Republic’s growth shape the
market economy and relations with
Native Americans?
8.2
Jefferson as President
How did practical politics challenge
Jefferson’s political principles?
Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian
Vision, 1800‒1814
8.3
Race and Dissent Under Jefferson
How did Jeffersonians deal with the
difficult problems of party politics and
slavery?
8.4
Embarrassments Overseas
Why did the United States find it difficult
to avoid military conflict during this
period?
Republican Ascendancy: The Jeffersonian
Vision, 1800‒1814
8.5
The Strange War of 1812
Why is the War of 1812 sometimes
thought of as a “second war of
independence”?
Video Series:
Key Topics in U.S. History
1. Demographic Expansion
2. Thomas Jefferson
3. The Louisiana Purchase of Lewis and
Clark
4. The War of 1812
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Limits of Equality
• Jeffersonians wanted strict
interpretation of the Constitution
• Peaceful foreign relations
• Reduced government role in everyday lives
• Once in power, Jefferson was forced to
moderate goals
• Purchased Louisiana Territory
• Regulated economy
• Led country to brink of war
Home
Home
The Republic Expands
• Westward the Course of Empire
• Native American Resistance
• Commercial Life in the Cities
Home
The Republic Expands
• An age of rapid population growth
• 7.2 million in 1810 - 2 million more than in
1800
• Strong regional identities
• Facilitated by transportation improvements
• Motivated by defensiveness
The Republic Expands
Westward the Course of Empire
• Intense migration to West after 1790
• Farming the rich soil
• Transportation
• New states
• Western regional culture
• Transplant eastern customs to the frontier
• New folkways
• Ambitious and self-confident
The Republic Expands
The Republic Expands
Native American Resistance
• Settlers bought land fraudulently
• Small groups allegedly represented all
• Native Americans resisted
• Tecumseh led Shawnee
• Creek defeated in the South
• Jefferson and the Indians
• Wanted Native Americans moved west of
Mississippi
The Republic Expands
The Republic Expands
Commercial Life in the Cities
• U.S. economy based on agriculture and
trade
• 84 percent of population in agriculture
• American shipping prospered - 1793–1807
• Cities’ main function was international
trade
• Commerce preferred
• Technological advancements
• Sam Slater
• Robert Fulton
The Republic Expands
The Republic Expands
Discussion Question
• How did the Republic’s growth shape
the market economy and relations with
Native Americans?
The Republic Expands
Jefferson as President
• Political Reforms
• The Louisiana Purchase
• The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Home
Jefferson as President
• Thomas Jefferson - personal style
• Despised ceremonies and formality
• Dedicated to intellectual pursuits
• Goals as president
• Reduce size and cost of government
• Repeal Federalist legislation
• Keep United States out of war
• A skillful politician
• Good relations
• Strong cabinet
Jefferson as President
Political Reforms
• Cutting federal debt a priority
• Associated with Federalist financial plan
• Reduce activities of federal government
• Repeal all direct taxes
• Military cut substantially
• Political patronage
• Did not fully embrace spoils system
• Removed midnight appointees
• Federalists losing ground
Jefferson as President
The Louisiana Purchase
• Spain gave Louisiana to France
• Napoleon wanted empire in North America
• French troops sent to Caribbean
• New Orleans closed to American ships
• Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana
• Would make America a first-rank power
• Constitutional issues
Jefferson as President
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Lewis and Clark expedition
• Secretly commissioned prior to purchase of
Louisiana
• Goals
• Sacagawea critical
• Report on Louisiana’s economic promise
confirmed Jefferson’s desire to purchase
Jefferson as President
Jefferson as President
Jefferson as President
Discussion Question
• How did practical politics challenge
Jefferson’s political principles?
Jefferson as President
Race and Dissent Under Jefferson
• Attack on the Judges
• The Slave Trade
Home
Race and Dissent Under Jefferson
• Jefferson popular at end of first term
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Maintained peace
Reduced taxes
Expanded United States
Republicans controlled Congress
• Divisions brewing
• Attempts to reform courts stirred
discontent
• Debates over slave trade
Race and Dissent Under
Jefferson
Table 8.1 The Election of 1804
Race and Dissent Under
Jefferson
Attack on the Judges
• Judiciary Act of 1801
• Midnight judges
• 1802 – repeal of Judiciary Act
• New courts too expensive
• Federalists counter argument
• Marbury v. Madison - 1803
• New administration withheld commission
• Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Race and Dissent Under
• Established judicial review
Jefferson
The Slave Trade
• Constitution and the slave trade
• Three-fifths compromise
• Congress could consider banning
importation of slaves after 1808
• Jefferson called for a ban on slave trade
• Sectional conflict over what to do with
captured slaves
• Final law
• Could not import slaves
Race and Dissent Under
Jefferson
Race and Dissent Under
Jefferson
Discussion Question
• How did Jeffersonians deal with the
difficult problems of party politics and
slavery?
Race and Dissent Under
Jefferson
Embarrassments Overseas
• Embargo Divides the Nation
• A New Administration Goes to War
• Fumbling Toward Conflict
Home
Embarrassments Overseas
• 1803 - England and France resumed
war
• American ships subject to seizure
• Chesapeake versus Leopard
• Jefferson refused war
Embarrassments Overseas
Embargo Divides the Nation
• Peaceable coercion
• United States would not trade with
countries that did not respect rights of
neutral nations
• Embargo Act – 1807
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U.S. ships prohibited from leaving port
Embargo unpopular at home
Harmed Britain more than France
Repealed
Embarrassments Overseas
Embarrassments Overseas
A New Administration Goes to War
• 1808 - James Madison elected president
• Former secretary of state
• Federalists doubled seats in the House
• Foreign policy - neutral rights on seas
• Macon’s Bill Number Two
• Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights
• Problems on the frontier
• Belief British inciting Indians
• Battle of Tippecanoe
Embarrassments Overseas
Fumbling Toward Conflict
• Congressional War Hawks
• Demanded war with England
• Madison asked for declaration of war
• Election of 1812 showed division over
war
• Antiwar Republicans nominated De Witt
Clinton of New York
• Endorsed by Federalists
• Madison - a narrow victory
Embarrassments Overseas
Table 8.2 The Election of 1808
Embarrassments Overseas
Table 8.3 The Election of 1812
Embarrassments Overseas
Discussion Question
• Why did the United States find it
difficult to avoid military conflict during
this period?
Embarrassments Overseas
The Strange War of 1812
• Fighting the British
• Hartford Convention: The Demise of the
Federalists
Home
The Strange War of 1812
• Optimism for War of 1812 ran high
• Predictions for success unrealistic
• Americans unprepared for war
• Congress refused to raise wartime taxes
• U.S. Army small
• State militias inadequate
The Strange War of 1812
The Strange War of 1812
Fighting the British
• Initial focus on western forts
• Disappointing results
• Militia no match for trained Europeans
• Battles at sea
• Captain Hall’s Constitution successful
• American privateers destroyed or captured
British merchant ships
• Britain rebounded when peace returned to
Europe
The Strange War of 1812
Fighting the British (continued)
• Most attacks against Canada failed
• Control of Great Lakes key to success
• Two key exceptions in 1813
• British harassed Chesapeake coast
• Mostly undefended
• Burned the capital
• Full-scale attack on Baltimore
• Battle of New Orleans
• During negotiations
• Andrew Jackson
The Strange War of 1812
What Brought About the War of 1812?
• Where had Native Americans been
forced to cede lands?
• In what areas was support for war with
Britain strongest?
• Where were major battles fought, by
whom, and with what outcomes?
The Strange War of 1812
The Strange War of 1812
The Strange War of 1812
Hartford Convention: The Demise of
the Federalists
• Hartford Convention - New England
politicians meet
• Mostly Federalists
• To discuss relations between their region
and federal government
• End of war - Federalists appeared
disloyal
• Treaty of Ghent; victory at New Orleans
• Federalist Party’s demise
The Strange War of 1812
Discussion Question
• Why is the War of 1812 sometimes
thought of as a “second war of
independence”?
The Strange War of 1812
Conclusion: The “Second War of
Independence”
• Treaty of Ghent
• British made impossible demands at first
• Americans lectured on maritime rights
• Final treaty left most problems
unaddressed
• Americans portrayed it as victory
• It stimulated American nationalism