Transcript Chapter 15 Notes, Psych Therapies

Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapy
• An interaction between a trained
therapist and someone suffering from
psychological difficulties.
Eclectic Approach
• The most popular form of therapyit is basically a smorgasbord where
the therapist combines techniques
from different schools of
psychology.
Psychoanalysis
• Freud's therapy.
•Freud used free association, hypnosis
and dream interpretation to gain
insight into the client’s unconscious.
Psychoanalytic Methods
• Psychotherapists use their techniques
to overcome resistance by the client.
•The psychoanalyst wants you to
become aware of the resistance and
together interpret (ex. Latent
content) it’s underlying meaning.
Transference
• In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the
analyst of emotions linked with other
relationships.
Humanistic Therapy
• Focuses of people’s potential for selffulfillment (self-actualization).
•Focus on the present and future (not the past).
•Focus on conscious thoughts (not
unconscious ones).
•Take responsibility for you actionsinstead of blaming childhood anxieties.
Most widely used Humanistic
technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
–Developed by Carl Rogers
•Therapist should use genuineness,
acceptance and empathy to show
unconditional positive regard towards
their clients.
Active Listening
• Central to Roger’s client-centered
therapy
•Empathetic listening where the
listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
•Can be verbal or nonverbal.
•The counselor interrupts only to
confirm or accept the client’s feelings
or seek clarification.
Behavior Therapies
• Therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors.
•The behaviors are the problems- so
we must change the behaviors.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning:
• A behavioral therapy that conditions
new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
Two Types: exposure therapies
and aversive conditioning
therapies.
• Exposure therapies expose people to
what they normally avoid.
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates a pleasant relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering
stimuli is called systematic
desensitization.
• Using progressive relaxation, the
therapist trains you to relax one muscle
group at a time until you achieve a
drowsy state of complete relaxation.
• Then the therapist asks you to
imagine (with your eyes closed) a
mildly anxiety-arousing situation.
• If imagining the scene causes you
to feel any anxiety, you signal the
therapist, possibly with a raised
finger, and the therapist will
instruct you to switch off of the
scene and go back to relaxation.
• This is repeated until scene causes
no anxiety.
Virtual Technology Exposure Therapy
• Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
allows you to wear a head-mounted
display unit that projects a threedimensional virtual world.
• This helps to recreate situations
that are too expensive or difficult
to re-create, such as fear of flying.
Aversive Conditioning
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates an unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior.
How would putting green slime on the
fingernails of a nail biter effect their
behavior?
Aversive Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
What are some ways you
can change the behaviors
of your friends with
aversive conditioning?
Operant Conditioning
Behavior Modification is used in this method
Token Economy: an operant conditioning
procedure that rewards a desired behavior.
A person exchanges a token of some sort,
earned for exhibiting the desired behavior,
for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapies
• A therapy that teaches people
new, more adaptive ways of thinking
and acting; based on the
assumptions that thoughts
intervene between events and our
emotional reactions. Our thinking
colors our feelings, in other words.
Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive
Therapists try to
teach people new,
more
constructive ways
of thinking.
Is .300 a good or bad
batting average?
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck and his view of
Depression
• Noticed that
depressed people were
similar in the way they
viewed the world.
• Used cognitive therapy
get people to take off
the “dark sunglasses” in
which they view their
surroundings
Cognitive Therapy- Does It Work?
• Depressed people normally do not
exhibit the self-serving bias that is
common in non-depressed people.
They often attribute their failures
to themselves and attribute their
successes to external
circumstances.
• Those who are trained to reform
negative patterns of thinking and
labeling can improve their
depression.
Group Therapies
• Group therapy does not provide the
same degree of therapist involvement
with each client; however, it saves
therapists’ time and clients’ money. It
is often no less effective than individual
therapy.
• The social context allows people both to
discover that others have problems
similar to their own and to receive
feedback as they try out new ways of
behaving.
• Family Therapy assumes that we live
and grow in relation to others, especially
our family. We struggle to
differentiate ourselves within our
family, but we also need to connect with
them emotionally.
• A wide range of people participate in
self-help and support groups. Most of
these focus on stigmas or hard-todiscuss illnesses such as AIDS.
• Clients may tend to overestimate the
effectiveness of their psychotherapy
for a variety of reasons which may
include:
• 1. People often enter therapy while in
crisis.
• 2. Clients need to believe the therapy
was worth the effort.
• 3. Clients generally speak kindly of their
therapists.