Transcript The Biomedical Therapies

Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapy
• An emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained
therapist and someone suffering from
psychological difficulties.
Eclectic Approach
• The most popular form of therapyit is basically a smorgasbord where
the therapist combines techniques
from different schools of
psychology.
Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud's therapeutic
technique
• The use of free association,
hypnosis, and dream interpretation
to gain insight into the client’s
unconscious.
Psychoanalytic Methods
• Psychotherapists use their techniques to
overcome resistance (blocking from
consciousness of anxiety-laden emotions)
by the client.
• The psychoanalyst wants you to become
aware of the resistance and together
interpret its underlying meaning (latent
content).
Transference
• In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the
analyst of emotions linked with other
relationships
Humanistic Therapy
The aim is to help people reach their potential for
self-fulfillment (self-actualization)
• Focuses on the present and future (not the past)
• Focuses on conscious thoughts (not unconscious
ones)
• Believes in taking responsibility for your actions
instead of blaming childhood anxieties
• Promotes growth instead of curing illness (those in
therapy are “clients” rather than “patients”)
Most widely used Humanistic technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
• Developed by Carl Rogers
• Therapist should use
genuineness, acceptance
and empathy to show
unconditional positive
regard towards their
clients
Active Listening
• Central to Roger’s client-centered
therapy
• Empathetic listening where the
listener echoes, restates and
clarifies.
Behavior Therapies
• Therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors
•The behaviors are the problems - so
we must change the behaviors
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning:
• A behavioral therapy that conditions
new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
Two Types:
Systematic Desensitization
Aversive Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates a pleasant relaxed state
with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli
How would a
psychoanalyst use
systematic desensitization
to reduce the fear of old
women?
Systematic Desensitization
Progressive Relaxation
Exposure Therapy
Flooding
Virtual Technology Exposure Therapy
Aversive Conditioning
• A type of counterconditioning
that associates an unpleasant
state with an unwanted
behavior
• What are some ways you can
change the behaviors of your
friends with aversive
conditioning?
Aversive Conditioning
 Aversion
therapy
for
alcoholics
Operant Conditioning
Token Economy: an operant
conditioning procedure that rewards a
desired behavior.
A patient exchanges a token of some sort,
earned for exhibiting the desired behavior,
for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapies
• A therapy that teaches
people new, more adaptive
(more constructive) ways
of thinking and acting;
based on the assumptions
that thoughts intervene
between events and our
Is .300 a good or
emotional reactions.
bad batting
average?
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck and his view of
Depression
• Noticed that
depressed people were
similar in the way they
viewed the world.
• Used cognitive therapy
get people to take off
the “dark sunglasses” in
which they view their
surroundings
Cognitive Therapy- Does It Work?
Family & Group Therapies
 treats the family or group
as a system
 views an individual’s
unwanted behaviors as
influenced by or directed
at other family members
 attempts to guide family
members toward positive
relationships and
improved communication
Evaluating
Psychotherapies
 To whom do
people turn
for help for
psychological
difficulties?
The Biomedical Therapies
Therapies aimed at the altering
the body chemistry
Psychopharmacology
• The study of the effects of drugs
on mind and behavior
Drugs and Hospitalization
Emptying of Mental Hospitals
Testing New Drugs
• When a new drug is released there is
always too much enthusiasm
•Must use a double-blind procedure to
combat placebo and experimental effects
These experiments enable us to
classify different types of drugs:
Antipsychotic Drugs
• Antipsychotic drugs are a class of
medicines used to treat psychosis and
other mental and emotional conditions
These drugs are beginning to help
schizophrenics with both positive and
negative symptoms
These drugs (i.e. Thorazine) often have
powerful side effects
Antianxiety Drugs
• Includes drugs like Xanax, Valium and
Librium
• Like alcohol, they depress nervous
system activity
• Most widely abused drugs
Do they really solve the problem?
Antidepressant Drugs
• Lift you up out of
depression
• Most increase the
availability of the
neurotransmitters:
norepinephrine or
serotonin (which
elevate arousal and
mood)
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
• Work by blocking serotonin reuptake.
Biomedical Therapies
Antidepressant
prescriptions
have soared!
Biomedical Therapies
Lithium
 Chemical (simple salt) that provides an
effective drug therapy for the mood
swings of bipolar (manic-depressive)
disorders
 With continued use, emotional highs
and lows typically level
 Suicide risk is one-sixth that of bipolar
patients not taking lithium
Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Biomedical therapy for
severely depressed
patients in which brief
electric current is sent
through the brain of an
anesthetized patient
• Although controversial, it
is the preferred
treatment for depression
that does not respond to
drug therapy
Psychosurgery
• Surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue in an effort to change behavior
Egas Moniz developed the
lobotomy in the 1930s.
Ice pick like instrument
through the eye sockets
cutting the links between the
frontal lobes and the
emotional control centers
Lobotomy
Mind-Body Interaction