Transcript The Biomedical Therapies

Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapy
• An interaction between a trained
therapist and someone suffering from
psychological difficulties.
Eclectic Approach
• The most popular form of therapyit is basically a buffet where the
therapist combines techniques from
different schools of psychology.
Psychoanalysis
• Freud's therapy.
•Freud used free association, hypnosis
and dream interpretation to gain
insight into the client’s unconscious.
Psychoanalytic Methods
• Psychotherapists use their techniques
to overcome resistance by the client.
•The psychoanalyst wants you to
become aware of the resistance and
together interpret (ex. Latent
content) it’s underlying meaning.
Transference
• In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the
analyst of emotions linked with other
relationships.
Humanistic Therapy
• Focuses of people’s potential for selffulfillment (self-actualization).
•Focus on the present and future (not the past).
•Focus on conscious thoughts (not
unconscious ones).
•Take responsibility for your actionsinstead of blaming childhood anxieties.
Most widely used Humanistic technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
• Developed by Carl Rogers
•Therapist should use genuineness,
acceptance and empathy to show
unconditional positive regard
towards their clients.
Active Listening
• Central to Roger’s client-centered
therapy
•Empathetic listening where the
listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
Behavior Therapies
• Therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors.
•The behaviors are the problems- so
we must change the behaviors.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning:
(Mary Clover Jones and
Peter/rabbit)
• A behavioral therapy that conditions
new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
Two Types:
Systematic Desensitization
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates a pleasant relaxed state
with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli.
How would I use
systematic
desensitization to reduce
my fear of old women?
Systematic Desensitization
• Progressive Relaxation-relax
muscles while imagining arousing
situation
•Exposure Therapy-exposing people to
the things they avoid
•Flooding-immersed in the fear until
it goes away
Virtual Technology Exposure Therapy
Aversive Conditioning
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates an unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior.
How would putting poop on the fingernails
of a nail biter effect their behavior?
Aversive Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
What are some ways you
can change the behaviors
of your friends with
aversive conditioning?
Operant Conditioning
Token Economy: an operant
conditioning procedure that rewards a
desired behavior.
A patient exchanges a token of some sort,
earned for exhibiting the desired behavior,
for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapies
• A therapy that teaches people
new, more adaptive ways of thinking
and acting; based on the
assumptions that thoughts
intervene between events and our
emotional reactions.
Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive
Therapists try to
teach people new,
more
constructive ways
of thinking.
Is .300 a good or bad
batting average?
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck and his view of
Depression
• Father of cognitive therapy
• Noticed that depressed
people were similar in the way
they viewed the world.
• Used cognitive therapy get
people to take off the “dark
sunglasses” in which they view
their surroundings
Cognitive Therapy- Does It Work?
Albert Ellis-Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy (REBT)
• One of the first cognitive therapies (father of
cognitive-behavioral therapy)
• A-adversity
• B-belief (about A)
• C-consequence (emotional/behavioral)
• teaches the client how to identify irrational and
self-defeating beliefs
• forcefully and actively question and dispute them
and replace them with more rational and selfhelping ones
Group Therapies
The Biomedical Therapies
Therapies aimed at altering the
body chemistry.
Psychopharmacology
• The study of the effects of drugs
on mind and behavior.
Drugs and Hospitalization
Emptying of Mental Hospitals
Testing New Drugs
• When a new drug is released there
is always too much enthusiasm.
•Must use a double-blind procedure
to combat placebo and experimental
effects.
These experiments better able to
classify different types of drugs:
Antipsychotic Drugs
• Antipsychotic drugs are a class of
medicines used to treat psychosis and
other mental and emotional conditions.
These drugs are beginning to help
schizophrenics with both positive and
negative symptoms.
These drugs (Thorazine) often have
powerful side effects=Tardive dyskinesia
Antipsychotic Drugs
Classical antipsychotics [Chlorpromazine
(Thorazine)]: Remove a number of positive
symptoms associated with schizophrenia such
as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.
Atypical antipsychotics [Clozapine (Clozaril)]:
Remove negative symptoms associated with
schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts,
concentration difficulties, and difficulties in
interacting with others.
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Atypical Antipsychotic
Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for
dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative
symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Antianxiety Drugs
• Includes drugs like Valium and
Librium.
•Like alcohol, they depress nervous
system activity.
•Most widely abused drugs.
Do they really solve the problem?
Antianxiety Drugs
Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan) depress the
central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension
by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid
(GABA) neurotransmitter.
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Antidepressant Drugs
• Lift you up out
of depression.
Most increase the
neurotransmitter Norepinephrine.
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
• Work by blocking serotonin reuptake.
Mood-Stabilizing Medications
Lithium Carbonate, a common salt,
has been used to stabilize manic
episodes in bipolar disorders. It
moderates the levels of
norepinephrine and glutamate
neurotransmitters.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Biomedical therapy
for severely
depressed patients in
which brief electric
current is sent
through the brain of
an anesthetized
patient.
Brain Stimulation
Electroconvulsive Therapy
(ECT)
ECT is used for severely
depressed patients who do
not respond to drugs. The
patient is anesthetized and
given a muscle relaxant.
Patients usually get a 100
volt shock that relieves
them of depression.
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Psychosurgery
• Surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Egas Moniz developed the
lobotomy in the 1930s.
Ice pick like instrument
through the eye sockets
cutting the links between the
frontal lobes and the
emotional control centers.
Lobotomy
Meta-Analysis
Regression towards the mean