Transcript Introductory Psychology

Therapy
Insight Therapies

Insight therapies
 Provide
people with better awareness and
understanding of their feelings, motivations,
and actions
Psychoanalysis
 Psychodynamic Therapy
 Client-Centered Therapy

Psychoanalysis

Hidden feelings and motives are made
conscious for better adaptation.

Common techniques
 Free
association
 Transference
 Insight
Client-Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers
 (person-centered
therapy)
 Calls for unconditional positive regard

Conditional positive regard


Love and acceptance comes from conforming to what
others want
Unconditional positive regard

True acceptance regardless of actions
 Nondirective
Client-Centered Therapy (con’t)

Three core qualities of therapists
 Genuineness
 Unconditional
positive regard
 Empathy

Active listening
Behavior Therapies

Focus on behavior change, rather than
insight
 Belief

that all behavior is learned
Maladaptive behaviors themselves are the
focus of the therapy
Classical Conditioning

Counterconditioning – replace maladaptive
response with new response (relaxation)
 Exposure
Therapy
Repeated exposure to stimuli that trigger unwanted
reactions
 Systematic desensitization
 Virtual reality

 Flooding
 Aversive
conditioning
Other Behaviorist Techniques

Operant conditioning techniques
 Behavior
contracting
 Token economies

Observational learning
 Modeling
positive context condition
 Modeling neutral context condition
 Exposure-positive context condition
 Positive-context condition
Cognitive Approaches

Changing clients’ perceptions of
themselves and the world
 Common
approaches
Rational-emotive therapy (RET)
 Beck’s cognitive therapy

 Cognitive-Behavior
Therapy
Group Therapies
Self-help groups
 Family therapy
 Couple therapy

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy

Success rate
 About

two-thirds
Success higher
with longer
duration of
treatment

Randomly assigned to four groups:
 Cognitive
therapy
 Interpersonal therapy
 Drug therapy
 Control

After 16 weeks, depression lifted for a little
over 50% of people in each treatment
group but for only 29% of controls
Which therapy
is best?

No apparent
difference in
effectiveness
of treatments
or types/
experience of
clinicians….
Behavioral conditioning: specific behavior
problems (e.g., bed wetting, phobias,
compulsions)
 Cognitive therapy: depression, reducing
suicide risk


Possible explanations:
 All
offer an explanation for problems
 All offer hope
 All provide a therapeutic alliance with a
therapist
Biological Treatments

Drug therapy
 Major
types
 Antipsychotic drugs
Tardive dyskinesia
 Antianxiety drugs
 Antidepressant drugs
Lithium carbonate
Biological
Treatments

Electroconvulsive
therapy
New Alternatives to ECT
Electrical device in chest stimulates vagus
nerve to send signals to limbic system
 Deep stimulation

 Pacemaker
stimulates brain to inhibit negative
emotions and thinking

Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS)
 Coil
sends magnetic field through skull to
brain

Insert figure 13.7…
Biological Treatments

Psychosurgery
 Prefrontal
lobotomy
 Cingulotomy
Deinstitutionalization Principles



the prevention of inappropriate mental hospital
admissions through the provision of community
alternatives for treatment
the release to the community of all
institutionalized who have been given adequate
preparation for such a change
the establishment and maintenance of
community support systems for
noninstitutionalized people receiving mental
health services in the community
Prevention
 Primary

prevention
Efforts to reduce new cases of mental disorders
 Secondary

Identifying at-risk groups
 Tertiary

prevention
prevention
Helping people adjust after hospital release