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Therapy Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties Eclectic Approach an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy Therapy- Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight use has rapidly decreased in recent years Resistance blocking from consciousness of anxietyladen material Therapy- Psychoanalysis Interpretation the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight Transference the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships e.g. love or hatred for a parent Therapy- Psychoanalysis Malan: I get the feeling that you are the sort of person who needs to keep active. If you don’t keep active, something goes wrong. Is that true? Vader: Yes. Malan: I get a second feeling about you and that is that you must, underneath all this, have an awful lot of very strong and upsetting feelings. Somehow, they’re all there, but you aren’t really quite in touch with them. Isn’t that right? I feel you’ve been like that as long as you can remember. Vader: For quite a few years, whenever I really sat down and thought about I got depressed, so I tried not to think about it. Malan: You see, you’ve established a pattern, haven’t you? You’re even like that here with me, because in spite of the fact you are in some trouble, and you feel the bottom is falling out of your world, the way you’re telling me this as if there wasn’t anything wrong. Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy Also called humanistic therapy Carl Rogers a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth Active Listening empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies Humanistic Therapy Rogers: Feeling that now, hm? That you’re just no good to yourself, no good to anybody. Never will be any good to anybody. Just that you’re completely worthless, huh? – Those really are lousy feelings. Just feel you’re no good at all, hm? Jon Smith: Yeah. (muttering in low, discouraged voice) That’s what this guy I went to [the store] with just the other day told me. Rogers: This guy you went to [the store] with really told you that you were no good? Is that what you are saying? Did I get that right? Jon Smith: M-hm. Rogers: I guess the meaning of that - if I get it right is that here’s somebody that meant something to you and what does he think of you? Why, he’s told you that he thinks you’re no good at all. And that just really knocks the props out from under you. (Jon weeps quietly.) It just brings the tears. (Silence 20 seconds) Jon Smith : (rather defiantly) I don’t care though. Rogers: You tell yourself you don’t care at all, but somehow I guess some part of you cares because some part of you weeps over it. Biomedical Therapies Psychopharmacology study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior Lithium • chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders Biomedical Therapies The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals State and county mental hospital 700 residents, in 600 thousands 500 Introduction of antipsychotic drugs Rapid decline in the mental hospital population 400 300 200 100 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year Biomedical Therapies Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior lobotomy now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors Counter-conditioning procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors based on classical conditioning Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning Systematic Desensitization associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning Aversive Conditioning type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior Food poisoning leads to not wanting that food anymore. Examples? UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) UCS (drug) UCR (nausea) CS (alcohol) CR (nausea) Behavior Therapy – Counter Conditioning Token Economy an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Cognitive Therapy The Cognitive Revolution Can you title this chart? Cognitive Therapy A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders Lost job Internal beliefs: I’m worthless. It’s hopeless. Depression Lost job Internal beliefs: My boss is a jerk. I deserve something better. No depression Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy for depression Depression scores 30 25 Waiting list patients 20 15 10 Cognitive training patients Cognitive training patients much less depressed 5 0 Pre-therapy test Post-therapy test Cognitive Therapy Creating Optimism Temporary, not permanent. Circumstantial, not personal. Localized, not pervasive. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing selfdefeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) Group Therapies Family Therapy treats the family as a system views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication Who Does Therapy? To whom do people turn for psychological difficulties? Who Does Therapy? Clinical psychologists Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship. About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice. Who Does Therapy? Clinical or Psychiatric social worker A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy It is mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems. Who Does Therapy? Counselors Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations. Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people. Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims. Who Does Therapy? Psychiatrists Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. They tend to see those with the most serious problems. Many have a private practice. Does Therapy Work? Meta-analysis procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies