Transcript Psychological Therapies

Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapy
• An interaction between a trained therapist and
someone seeking to overcome psychological
difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Eclectic Approach
• Form of therapy where the therapist
combines techniques from different forms of
therapy. Kind of like a smorgasbord.
Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique.
• Uses free association, hypnosis and dream
interpretation to gain insight into the
client’s unconscious.
Psychoanalytic Methods
• Psychotherapists use their techniques to
overcome resistance (the blocking from
consciousness of anxiety-laden material).
•The psychoanalyst’s goal is for you to become
aware of the resistance and together interpret
it’s underlying meaning to gain self-insight.
Transference
• In psychoanalysis, the
patient transfers to the
analyst emotions linked
with other relationships.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b02H0dW2xf8
Alternative Therapies
• Seasonal Affective
Disorder is depression
experienced during
the winter months.
• Based not on
temperature, but on
amount of sunlight.
• Treated with light
therapy.
Humanistic Therapy
• Focuses of people’s
potential for selffulfillment (selfactualization).
• Focuses on the present
and future.
• Focuses on conscious
thoughts (not
unconscious ones).
• Take responsibility for
you actions.
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
• Developed by Carl Rogers.
• Therapist should use
genuineness, acceptance and
empathy to show
unconditional positive
regard towards their
clients.
• Most widely used Humanistic
technique.
Active Listening
• Central to Roger’s
client-centered therapy.
• Empathetic listening
where the therapist
echoes, restates and
clarifies the clients
thoughts and feelings.
Behavior Therapies
• The goal of this type of therapy is to apply learning
principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
•The behaviors are the problems - so we must
change the behaviors.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning:
• A behavioral therapy that conditions new
responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted
behaviors.
Two Types: Exposure Therapies & Aversive
Conditioning
1. Exposure Therapies
• Systematic desensitization - type of
counterconditioning that associates a pleasant
relaxed state with gradually increasing,
anxiety-triggering stimuli. (i.e. phobias)
How would I use systematic
desensitization to reduce my
fear of old women?
Systematic Desensitization uses…
progressive relaxation versus
Flooding which…
exposes you to an anxiety-provoking
situation at the highest level of fear all at
once.
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Scientific American Frontiers – “Virtual Fear”
2. Aversive Conditioning
• A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant
state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (alcoholism).
Example – putting peppers on a nail biters fingernails.
Aversive Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure
that rewards a desired behavior.
A patient exchanges a token of some sort (earned for exhibiting
the desired behavior) for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive therapists try to
teach people new, more
constructive ways of thinking.
Is .300 a good or bad
batting average?
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Integrative therapy that
combines changing selfdefeating thinking with
changing inappropriate
behaviors.
Cognitive Therapy - Does It Work?
Group & Family Therapies
(i.e. Alcoholics Anonymous, etc.)
Group Therapy
• Advantages – help more
people in less time; less
expensive; and you can
discover that others have
problems similar to yours.
Family Therapy
• Views and in individual’s
unwanted behaviors as
influenced by or directed at
other family members.
• Attempts to guide the
family toward positive
relationships.
Biomedical Therapies
Therapies aimed at changing the brain’s functioning
with prescribed drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, or
surgery.
Psychopharmacology
• The study of the effects of drugs
on mind and behavior.
Drugs and Hospitalization
Emptying of Mental Hospitals
Testing New Drugs
• When a new drug is released there is always
too much enthusiasm.
•Must use a double-blind procedure to combat
placebo and experimental effects.
Types of drugs include:
Antipsychotic Drugs
• Medicines used to treat
psychosis - typically in
schizophrenia and bipolar
patients.
• Thorazine - although effective
often has powerful side effects
(blocks the activity of dopamine).
• Tardive dyskinesia – neurotoxic
effect involving involuntary
movements of the facial muscles,
tongue, and limbs.
Antianxiety Drugs
• Includes drugs like Valium,
Librium and Xanax.
• Used to treat people
undergoing significant stress
or anxiety disorders.
• Most widely abused
prescription drugs.
Antidepressant Drugs
• Lift you up out of depression.
• Most increase the availability
of norepinephrine or serotonin.
• Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft are
known as SSRI’s (selectiveserotonin-reuptake-inhibitors)
and block serotonin reuptake.
• Lithium is an effective mood
stabilizer used by those with
bipolar disorder.
Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• Therapy for major
depression in which a brief
electric current is sent
through the brain of a
patient causing a mild
seizure.
• Usually produces temporary
memory loss.
• But has been very effective
of temporarily ridding
people of suicidal thoughts.
Alternative to ECT
• Repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation
(rTMS).
• Application of magnetic
energy to the brain.
• Doesn’t produce
seizures or memory
loss.
• Still waiting for
conclusive data.
Psychosurgery
• Egas Moniz developed the
lobotomy in the 1930’s and
it became very popular in
the 40’s and 50’s.
• Surgery that removes or
destroys frontal lobe brain
tissue in an effort to
change behavior.
• Ice pick like instrument
through the eye sockets
cutting the links between
the frontal lobes and the
emotional control centers.
Lobotomy