Transcript Chapter 11, sections 3-5

Vicksburg Falls
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Union forces wanted to capture Vicksburg,
Mississippi, in order to gain control of the
Mississippi River.
Grant would land his troops south of Vicksburg.
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He ordered his troops to forage for food as they
marched to Vicksburg
Grant and his forces put Vicksburg under siege
– cut off its food supplies and bombarded the
city – until Confederate troops surrendered on
July 4, 1863.
Gettysburg
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Lincoln fired McClellan because he did not destroy Lee’s
army at Antietam. Command was given to General
Ambrose Burnside.
Union troops suffered heavy casualties south of
Fredericksburg, Virginia.
Lincoln replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker.
Hooker lost to Lee at Chancellorsville and was forced to
retreat.
In 1863 Lee and his troops invaded Pennsylvania.
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Hooker failed to stop Lee
Lincoln replaced Hooker with General George Meade
Meade and his troops headed north to stop Lee
Gettysburg
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On July 3, Lee ordered 15,000 men under
General George Pickett and General A.P. Hill to
attack the Union troops.
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Pickett’s Charge – his forces led the attack
In less than an hour 7,000 casualties had occurred on
the Confederate forces
The Union had 23,000 casualties at Gettysburg
The Confederate had 28,000 or a third of Lee’s army
The battle was the turning point of the war
Here in 1863 Lincoln gave the Gettysburg
Address – one of the best known speeches in
American History
Grant Secures Tennessee
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The Union wanted to capture Chattanooga in order to
control a major railroad running south to Atlanta,
Georgia.
Union General Rosecrans forced the Confederates to
evacuate Chattanooga.
General Bragg forced the Union to retreat back to
Chattanooga, after Bragg’s forces attacked the Union at
Chickamauga Creek.
Lincoln made Grant the overall commander.
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Grant took charge and defeated the Confederates at Lookout
Mountain.
Grant ordered Sherman to attack Confederates north of
Missionary Ridge.
Grant was made chief of Union forces for his important
victories at Vicksburg and at Chattanooga.
Grant Versus Lee
General Grant started a campaign against
General Robert E. Lee’s forces in which
warfare would continue without pause.
 Grant launched an all out assault at Cold
Harbor near Richmond. Lee stopped
Grant, whose army had suffered heavy
casualties.
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Union Victories in the South
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The Union victory at Mobile, Alabama was the
last major Confederate port on the Gulf of
Mexico east of the Mississippi River.
Sherman’s march towards Atlanta ended with
the burning of everything in the city of military
value.
On November 15, 1864, Sherman began his
March to the Sea. His troops cut a path of
destruction through Georgia. They reached the
coast and seized Savannah on December 21,
1864.
The South Surrenders
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Lincoln was re-elected in the 1864 election.
Lincoln viewed this as a mandate, or a clear
sign, from the voters to end slavery by amending
the Constitution.
The 13th Amendment to the Constitution,
banning slavery in the United States, passed the
House of Representatives on January 31, 1865.
General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General
Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April, 9,
1865. The terms of surrender guaranteed that
the United States would not prosecute
Confederate soldiers for treason.
On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth shot and
killed Lincoln at Ford’s Theater.
Reconstruction
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Union troops and cannons had devastated Southern
cities and the South’s economy.
Reconstruction is the rebuilding of the South after the
Civil War.
They also had to decide what terms and conditions the
former Confederate states would rejoin the Union.
Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
called for a general amnesty, or pardon, to all
Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the United
States and accepted the Union’s proclamations
concerning slavery.
After 10 percent of the state’s voters in the 1860 election
had taken the oath, the state could organize a new state
government.
Reconstruction
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Radical Republicans did not want to reconcile with the
South.
They had three main goals:
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To keep Confederate leaders from returning to power.
Republicans to become the dominant party in the South.
Use the Federal Government to help African Americans achieve
political equality by guaranteeing them the right to vote in the
South.
Moderate Republicans thought Lincoln’s plan was too
lenient on the South and Radical Republicans’ plan was
too harsh.
Wade-Davis Bill was introduced and passed in
Congress. Lincoln thought the bill was too harsh, so he
blocked the bill with a pocket veto. He did this by letting
the session of Congress expire without signing the bill.
The Freedmen’s Bureau
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Thousands of freed African Americans, known
as freedmen, had followed General Sherman
and his troops as they marched through Georgia
and South Carolina.
As a result of the refugee crisis, Congress
established the Freedmen’s Bureau.
The Bureau was to feed and clothe war refugees
in the South using army surplus supplies.
It also helped freemen to find work and
negotiated pay and hours worked on plantations.
Johnson Takes Office
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Vice President Andrew Johnson became president after
Lincoln’s death.
Johnson issued a new Proclamation of Amnesty. This
plan offered a pardon to all former citizens of the
Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union
and to return their property.
This made many members of Congress angry, especially
when several former Confederate officers and political
leaders were elected to Congress.
New Southern state legislatures passed laws, known as
black codes, that severely limited African Americans’
rights in the South. They were written with the intention
of keeping African Americans in conditions similar to
slavery.
Radical Republicans Take Control
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In March 1866, Congress passed the Civil
Rights Act of 1866. It gave citizenship to all
persons born in the United States, except Native
Americans. It also allowed African Americans to
own property and to be treated equally in court.
The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all
persons born or naturalized in the United States.
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution was
passed by the Republican-led Congress. It said
that the right to vote could not be denied on
account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.