Transcript A Nation Divided

The Civil War
1861-1865
24 Union states, 11 Confederate states
The BIG Problems
• Slavery
North: against slavery, except for the border states!
South: for slavery, needed it for their economy!
• Secession
North: against
South: for—did this because of the election of Lincoln
• States’ rights
North: thought states should follow all federal laws
South: thought states could choose which federal laws to follow
• Tariffs
North: for, it protected factories
South: against, limited foreign trade
Taking Sides
Taking Sides
• Union: North
• Confederacy: South
• President: Lincoln
• President: Davis
• Head General:
• Head General:
McClellan, Burnside,
Robert E. Lee
Hooker, Meade, and
finally… Grant
• Capital: Richmond,
Virginia
• Capital:
Washington, D.C.
Robert E. Lee
• Lee does not agree
with slavery or
secession, but says,
“I cannot raise my
hand against my
birthplace, my home,
my children.”
Ulysses S. Grant
• “Find out where your
enemy is, get him as
soon as you can,
strike at him as hard
as you can, and keep
moving on.”
The Strengths
• North
– Larger population
– 90% of railroads
– Industrialization,
85% of the factories
– Lincoln’s leadership
• South
– Self sufficient in food
– Best military minds
of 19th Century
– Fighting on “home
turf”
• Don’t have to worry
about supply lines
• Fighter harder when
protecting your home
The Strategy
Union
• “The Anaconda
Plan”:
– Wanted to smother
the South’s economy
– Set up a blockade
– Try to gain control of
the Mississippi, to
divide the South in
half
Confederacy
– Wait the North out—
they will get tired
– Get foreign support
with strong supply of
cotton
– Try to get BIG
victories
New Technology
• Rifle—grooved barrel
helps bullet to spin
more
• Minie Ball—hollow
base bullet, helps with
accuracy
• Ironclads—ships
covered with iron
The Call for Help
• Largest group of soldiers were farmers
• Lincoln called for the militia
• African Americans fought (54th Massachusetts)
• Draft (conscription) was passed: Needed more soldiers on both
sides
• More men were drafted in the South than in the North, because the
Northerners received $300 if they volunteered to fight
• “A rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”—wealthy men could hire
substitutes to fight in their place
• Women took over jobs of men at war, some went to war as nurses
– Clara Barton: American Red Cross
The Undecided
The Undecided
• Border states
– Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri,
West Virginia (western counties of Virginia that broke away and rejoined
the Union)
– Pro-slavery, but anti-secession!!!
• Copperheads—Northern Democrats
who favored peace with the South
“My paramount object in
this struggle is to save the
Union…If I could save it
without freeing any slaves,
I would do it, and if I could
save it by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it; and if
I could save it by freeing
some and leaving others
alone, I would also do
that.”
STAAR 1
These people served as public officials during the Civil
War. Which of the following matches is incorrect?
• Jefferson Davis — secretary of state for the
Confederacy
• Ulysses S. Grant — commander of the Union army
• Robert E. Lee — commander of the Confederate
army
• Abraham Lincoln — president of the United States
STAAR 2
Southern dependence on slavery and an
agricultural economy resulted in —
• an excellent railroad system
• a lack of factories
• a dependence on government tax
breaks
• several new political parties
STAAR 3
Disadvantages of the South:
• Smaller navy
• Fewer railroads
•?
Which item would best complete the list?
• Inexperienced military leaders
• Lack of industries
• Larger population
• Lack of agricultural land
Major Events of the
Civil War
Jefferson Davis’ Inaugural Address
“… we have vainly endeavored to secure tranquility and
obtain respect for the rights to which we were entitled. As a
necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the remedy of
separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed
to the conduct of our own affairs, and the perpetuity of the
Confederacy, which we have formed. If [the North] shall
permit us to pursue our separate political career, my most
earnest desire will have been fulfilled. But if this be denied
to us…for purposes of defense, the Confederate States
may rely upon their militia; but it the present condition of
affairs, that there should be a well instructed disciplined
army, more numerous than would be usually required for a
peace established.”
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
• “…Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern
States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their
property and their peace and personal security are to be
endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such
apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has
all the while existed and been open to their inspection.”
• “…In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in
mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not
assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the
aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the
Government, while I shall have the most solemn one to ‘preserve,
protect, and defend it’.”
• “…We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.
Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of
affection.”
Fort Sumter
– South Carolina
– Most Southern forts had
been taken by Confederate
troops, but the Union held
on to Fort Sumter
– Send supplies or abandon
the fort?
– Confederate troops begin to
fire and continue to fire for
34 hours
– First Battle of the Civil
War—Southern attack and
Southern victory
Battle of Bull Run
• Manassas, Virginia (Battle of Manassas)
• Union army is trying to get to the Confederate
capital
• Thomas J. Jackson and “rebel yell” rally
Confederate troops and shock Union troops
• “Stonewall” Jackson led troops to victory—
the North had underestimated the South
• Southerners thought the war was won!!!
Antietam
– Lee plans to attack General McClellan in
Maryland
– Confederate troop leaves battle plans by a
campfire and they are discovered by Union
troops—takes away the element of
surprise
– Bloodiest day in American history (25,000
dead or wounded)
– Lee retreats, McClellan does not follow—
could have ended the war!!!
The Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863
• Freed all slaves in the Confederacy
• Why does he only free slaves in the
Confederacy?
• Does the Confederacy listen to this?
– NO!
– Why not?
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
– Union: General George Meade
– Fought in Pennsylvania
– “Pickett’s Charge”—Lee ordered troops to
attack the center of the Union line—deadly
mistake
– Confederate army was forced to retreat
again
– Union general again, did not go after them
– This is considered to be the turning point
of the Civil War.
Gettysburg Address
•
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,
conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. (1-3)
•
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should
do this. (4)
•
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far
above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what
we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. (5)
•
It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who
fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion
to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly
resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth. (6)
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
• “At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office
there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the
first.”
• “… all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war.
All dreaded it, all sought to avert it… Both parties deprecated war,
but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive,
and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war
came.”
• “…These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All
knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To
strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for
which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the
Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial
enlargement of it.”
• “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the
right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the
work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who
shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do
all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations.”
Vicksburg
– General Ulysses S. Grant is finally in
charge of Union troops
– Laid siege around Vicksburg (1.5 months),
eventually forcing the Confederate troops
to surrender as they ran out of food and
supplies
– The Confederacy was officially split in two,
which makes this another turning point of
the Civil War
Vicksburg
Sherman’s March to the Sea
– Sherman goes through the Deep South,
while Grant heads to Virginia
– From Atlanta to the sea—waged total war
– This helped Lincoln to win re-election
• “I beg to present you, as a Christmas
gift, the city of Savannah, with 150
heavy guns and… about 25,000 bales of
cotton.”—Sherman, to Lincoln
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Appomattox Courthouse,
Virginia
Appomattox Courthouse,
Virginia
• April 9, 1865
• “Exactly at eight o’clock the
Confederate flag that fluttered above
the Capitol came down and the Stars
and Stripes were run up…”
Consequences of the War
• About 620,000 soldiers died (almost equal to all
other American wars combined)
• Lincoln’s Assassination: John Wilkes
Booth murdered the President
• Economic disaster in the South
• 13th Amendment: abolishes slavery
• 14th Amendment: grants citizenship to
former slaves
• 15th Amendment: African American
males are given the right to vote
STAAR 1
The primary purpose of the 14th
Amendment (1868) was to —
• guarantee a minimum income for African
Americans
• grant citizenship to African Americans
• ensure equal congressional representation
for African Americans
• justify the denial of liberties to African
Americans
STAAR 2
In the Gettysburg Address, President Lincoln
said that Union soldiers had sacrificed their
lives to ensure that “government of the
people, by the people, for the people shall
not perish from the earth.” What type of
government was Lincoln referring to?
• Monarchy
• Oligarchy
• Aristocracy
• Democracy
STAAR 3
The Union general who accepted the
surrender of Robert E. Lee’s Confederate
army at Appomattox Court House was —
• Ambrose Burnside
• George McClellan
• Ulysses S. Grant
• William T. Sherman
STAAR 4
The Battle of Vicksburg was important in the
Civil War because it —
• allowed the Confederate army to seize
Washington, D.C.
• broke the Union blockade along the Gulf of
Mexico
• enabled the Confederate army to seek
French assistance
• gave the Union army control of the
Mississippi River