Transcript Civil War and Reconstruction

Civil War and
Reconstruction
SS8H6 b. State the importance of key events of the Civil
War, Include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation,
Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of
Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s
March to the Sea, and Andersonville. c. Analyze the
impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern
states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau, sharecropping
and tenant farming, Reconstruction plans, 13th, 14th, and
15th Amendments to the Constitution, Henry McNeal Turner
and the Ku Klux Klan.
Confederate fortifications, Yorktown, VA
The War Begins in 1861
• In April of 1861, after South Carolina fights to keep Ft.
Sumter, four more states secede from the Union and the
Confederate States of America, CSA is formed.
Lincoln tries to
Preserve
the Union
• Even though he faces opposition, Lincoln focuses
on the preservation of the United States, (the Union)
• He does not agree with slavery but does not want
to initially push the issue
• He takes volunteers and also begins using a draft to
build up the army.
• Both sides think if there is war, it will end quickly
The Confederacy
• President-Jefferson Davis
• Vice President- Alexander Stephens (from GA)
The cabinet of the
Confederate States at
Montgomery,
1861 June 1 , Harpers
Weekly
Resources of Each Side
North
South
• 23 states
• 22 million people
• Trained army(small)
and navy
• 22,000 miles of Railroad
track
• 100,000 factories with
1.1 million workers
• 11 states
• 9 million people(about
4 million were slaves)
• No standing army or
navy
• 9,000 miles of Railroad
track
• 20,000 factories with
100,000 workers
Rating the North & the South
Resources: North & the South
War Strategies
Northern
Southern
• Anaconda Plan with a
blockade of Confederate
ports including the
Mississippi River (to
prevent southern trade
with foreign countries)
• Capture the Confederate
capitol of Richmond
• Destroy the Confederates
on the battlefield
• Lay waste to the land so
Southerners would stop
supporting the war
• King Cotton Diplomacysupport from England and
France who trade cotton for
their textile mills
• Wear down the invading
Union and weaken Northern
support for the war
• Sink Union ships and evade
the blockade to continue
trading and keep the ports
open
• Win a strategic victory on
Union Soil to convince
Europe to intervene
Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
WEAPONS
• Rifle (muzzle loader) calls for a
change in tactics, although
most leaders are slow to grasp
its impact and use Napoleonic
tactics (shoulder to shoulder).
• Rifled and smooth-bore artillery
could be mass-produced.
Ranges were well over a mile,
though accuracy was not great
at long ranges
Inventions/ Innovations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Telegraph
Ironclads
Aerial Reconnaissance
Gatling Gun
Railway
Canned food
Paper Money
Naval Mines and Torpedoes
Submarines
Trench Warfare
Typical Civil War Soldiers
Confederate
Union
Famous leader from the North
• Became the
Commanding General
of the United States
Army from 1864 to
1865
• Lee surrenders to
Grant at Appomattox
• Elected the 18th
President
• Graduated West
Point in 1843
• Spent much of the
Civil War in the
Western Campaign
• Aggressor/victor
in the Battle of
Shiloh and Vicksburg
U.S. Grant gen. U.S.A
Sherman, a Northern Leader
Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, after capturing
Atlanta in 1864, led his “March to the Sea”
General Robert E. Lee
Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896,photographer
• Graduated top in his class from
West Point and served on its faculty
• Spent 32 years in the U.S. Army
• Asked by Lincoln to serve as
Commander of the Union Army
• Declined this offer when his home
State of VA seceded
• Became senior military advisor to
President Davis of the CSA
• Later became the commander of the
Confederate eastern army or “The
Army of Northern Virginia”
• Loved by his troops and considered
one of the best military minds of his
time
• Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Court House on April 9, 1865
Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson
• Graduated from West Point in 1846,
and served in the U.S. Army
• Corp commander of the Army of
Northern Virginia
• Gifted and brilliant military mind,
became part of the faculty of VA
Military Institute
• Shot at the Battle of Chancellorsville
and died eight days later of
pneumonia
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Major
Battles
•
•
•
1st Manassas/ 1st Bull Run: thinking an invasion of Richmond would bring a
quick end to the war, the Union marches into VA
July 21, 1861
Jackson received his famous nickname “Stonewall” from this battle because
he stood his ground like a stone wall
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/firstmanassas/first-manassas-maps/bull-runanimated-map/
Battle of Antietam
Creek/Sharpsburg, MD
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/antietam/maps/antietamanimatedmap.html?referrer=http://www.civilwar.org/maps/animatedmaps/
• One of few battles on Union
soil
• Bloodiest single day of fighting
in all of US history
• Three phases of fighting: corn
field, sunken road and
Antietam Creek bridge
• McClellan fails to destroy Lee's
army
• Tactically inconclusive but
Lincoln sees it as a positive
event because Lee retreats
back to VA so he issues his
Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation,
September 22, 1862
• This document ultimately discouraged the British
and French governments from helping the
Confederacy
• Lincoln uses his power as “Commander-in-Chief” to
free the slaves in the Confederate States; he issued
the executive order that the slaves of any state that
did not return to the Union would be free
• Slavery, not preserving the Union, is now a primary
reason for fighting the war
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862
The Monitor vs.
the Merrimac
http://www.civilwar.org/battl
efields/hamptonroads/maps/hamptonroadsm
aps.html
Gettysburg
• Second battle on Union soil
• Battle lasted three days, July 1-3, 1863
• During the first day of fighting the Confederates
were very successful, on the second the Union held
their ground and on the third “Pickett’s Charge”
was repulsed leaving Lee no other option but to
retreat back to Virginia
• Major turning point in the war due to heavy
casualties, the Confederacy never regained
enough replacements while the Union had many
more men to draft
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
http://www.civilwar.org/bat
tlefields/gettysburg/maps/g
ettysburg-animatedmap/?referrer=http://www.c
ivilwar.org/battlefields/fortsumter/fort-sumtermaps/animated-map/
Gettysburg Casualties
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg/maps/gett
ysburg-animated-map/
• Gettysburg, Pa. Confederate dead gathered for
burial at the edge of the Rose woods, July 5, 1863
Chickamauga, GA
• September 19–20, 1863
• One of the most significant Union defeats
• Gen. Braxton Bragg should have followed the Union
retreat to Chattanooga
http://www.civilwar.org/battle
fields/chickamauga/chickama
uga-maps/chickamaugaanimated-map/
Federal camp by the
Tennessee River,
Kennesaw Mt. and the
Atlanta Campaign
• Battle of Kennesaw Mt. was the last Confederate victory
before Atlanta falls
• fought on June 27, 1864
• Johnston blocked Sherman’s path to Atlanta with fortifications
on Kennesaw Mt.
• The Union army eventually went around the Mt. and headed
toward Atlanta, an important railroad and supply center for
the Confederacy
• September 2,1864, Atlanta falls to Union forces and this
politically helps Lincoln get re-elected
• http://www.historyanimated.com/AtlantaAnimation.html
Sherman’s March to the Sea
•
•
After Sherman captured Atlanta
he sent his troops through GA to
Savannah, Nov.-Dec. 1864
He operated without supply lines
and took what he needed along
the way, resulting in complete
destruction of industry,
infrastructure and civilian property
(Total War)
Sherman’s
March
through
Georgia`
to the
Sea, 1864
Andersonville,
A Prisoner of War Camp
• Andersonville was a Confederate POW camp that
was overcrowded with too many prisoners and
extremely undersupplied which caused many to
die.
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=HCdCcC1
x3nA
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Deaths in Comparison
to Other Wars
Civil War in 4 Minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JN1VX_g8J
ZM
Reconstruction Era
Lincoln’s Plan
• Lincoln had a plan to rebuild the south and restore it
to the Union
o It was to be quick and easy
o Everyone would be pardoned(except high ranking officials) and
when 10% of the voters take a loyalty oath the state would be
permitted back into the Union
o Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
o Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.
o He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
President Johnson’s
Plan
• Johnson takes over when Lincoln is
assassinated
o His plan was much like Lincoln’s but expanded the
group that would not be granted the general
pardon
o In this group he included large property owners and
they had to apply to the president for their pardon
o Declared that Reconstruction was complete
because the war goals were met, national unity and
an end to slavery
Radical Republican Plan
• Congress and the Radical Republicans take over in
1866, (felt it was their job to be in control
Reconstruction)
• They returned the South to military control, and
overruled Johnson’s veto
• Passed the 14th and 15th Amendments
• By 1877 Army intervention in the South ceases and
Republican control collapses
Freedman’s Bureau
• Key agency during
Reconstruction; Bureau of
Refugees, Freedman, and
Abandoned Lands
• Initiated by President Lincoln in
March of 1865 and intended to
last for one year
• Was part of the War Dept.
• Designed to help former slaves
and poor whites cope with their
everyday problems
• Main job was to help set up
work opportunities and supervise
labor contracts, as well as help
with education and other daily
necessities like food and
clothing
Making a living doing
what they know
Sharecropping
• Landowners provide
the land for farming,
the tools, the shelter,
the seed, the animals
and the fertilizers
• Worker agrees to share
the harvest for the use
of the land and the
credit of supplies
Tenant Farming
• Landowners provide
the land for farming
and the shelter, the
tenant usually owns his
own tools and animals
• Worker agrees to share
the harvest for the use
of the land and usually
makes a little more
than a sharecropper
because less use of
credit is needed
Opposition to the
Reconstruction Plans
• This opposition sometimes took violent measures
• Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization that tried to
prevent the newly freed slaves from exercising their
new rights
• They did this through intimidation, beatings, and
murder
• This appeared in Harper's Weekly
January 27, 1872
• Three Ku Klux Klan members
arrested in Mississippi, September
1871, for the attempted murder
of an entire family.
New Amendments
• 13th Amendment: makes slavery illegal: 1865
• 14th Amendment: granted citizenship to the
freedmen (remember the Dred Scott decision) and
forbade any state from discrimination, states could
not deny anyone “equal protection of the
law”:1868
• 15th Amendment: gave all male citizens the right to
vote (The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the U.S or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude):1870
Military Occupations of
Georgia
• Occupied after Civil War. Georgia ratifies 13th Amendment
and begins self-rule and reenters Union
• Civil Rights Act of 1866 passed by congress over veto and
passes 14th Amendment to ensure its enforcement. Requires
southern states to approve. Only Tennessee does and military
rule stablished over 10 southern states (including GA)
• Constitutional Convention of 1867 convened and new
constitution drafted. Voters approve in April 1868 and GA
once more admitted to Union
• Rise of violence against blacks. Georgia Act passed in 1869
and military rule once again in GA
• GA permanently readmitted in July 1870 – the last southern
state to do so
Henry McNeal Turner
• Elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1868, part of the new
legislators elected during Reconstruction
• He and the other black legislators
were removed from the legislature
on the grounds that the Constitution
gave them the right to vote but did
not specifically give them the right to
hold office. They were reseated in
September of 1870.
Review
• The War began in April of 1861 and ends in April of
1865
• Each side creates strategies and the CSA has to
create their own government and army
• Most battles are fought on Confederate soil, many
in VA
• Following the war there is a turbulent period known
as Reconstruction
• The newly freed slaves begin adjusting to freedom
with the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau
• New amendments are passed to enable the freed
slaves the ability to enjoy Constitutional Rights