Transcript Civil War and Reconstruction

Civil War and
Reconstruction
SS8H6
b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War, Include
Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg,
Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast,
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and
Andersonville.
c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other
southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau,
sharecropping and tenant farming, Reconstruction plans, 13th,
14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, Henry McNeal
Turner and the Ku Klux Klan.
The War Begins in 1861
• In April of 1861, after attack on Ft. Sumter, four more states secede
from the Union and the Confederate States of America, CSA is
formed.
Lincoln tries to
Preserve
the Union
• Even though he faces opposition, Lincoln focuses on
the preservation of the United States (the Union)
• He does not agree with slavery but does not want to
push abolishing slavery (yet)
• He takes volunteers and also begins using a draft to
build up the army.
• Both sides think if there is war, it will end quickly
The Confederacy vs. The Union
• USA President – Abraham Lincoln
• USA Vice President Hannibal Hamlin
• CSA President-Jefferson Davis
• CSA Vice President- Alexander Stephens (from GA)
The cabinet of the
Confederate States at
Montgomery,
1861 June 1 , Harpers
Weekly
Resources of Each Side
North
South
• 23 states
• 22 million people
• Trained army(small) and
navy
• 22,000 miles of Railroad
track
• 100,000 factories with
1.1 million workers
• 11 states
• 9 million people
(but 4 million as slaves)
• No standing army or
navy
• 9,000 miles of Railroad
track
• 20,000 factories with
100,000 workers
Who was better equipped to win a war?
Rating the North vs. the South
Resources: North & the South
War Strategies
Northern
Southern
• Anaconda Plan with a
blockade of Confederate
ports including the
Mississippi River (to
prevent southern trade
with foreign countries)
• Capture the Confederate
capitol of Richmond, VA
• Destroy the Confederates
on the battlefield
• Ruin the land so
Southerners would stop
supporting the war
• King Cotton Diplomacysupport from England and
France who need cotton
trade for their textile mills
• Wear down the invading
Union and weaken Northern
support for the war
• Sink Union ships and evade
the port blockade to
continue trading and keep
the ports open
• Win a strategic victory on
Union Soil to convince
Europe to intervene
Overview
of
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
Anaconda = snake
Typical Civil War Soldiers
Confederate
Union
Ulysses S. Grant – Northern Leader
• Graduated West Point in 1843
• Jumped at the chance to serve in
Union Army
• Spent much of the Civil War in the
Western Campaign
• Aggressor/Victor in the Battle of
Shiloh and Vicksburg
Accused of reckless taactics
• Became the Commanding General
of the United States Army from
1864 to 1865
• Robert E. Lee surrenders to Grant at
Appomattox
• In 1868 elected the 18th President
and served 2 terms
U.S. Grant gen. U.S.A
William T. Sherman - Northern Leader
• Schooled in United States Military Academy at
West Point 1840 (excelled academically, but
had conduct issues!)
• Felt that the U.S. Army was a dead-end, so
resigned his commission
• In California during the gold rush as a banker,
settled in Kansas to practice law, then
headmaster in Louisiana!
• Was a conservative on slavery, he was a strong
supporter of the Union
• After the firing at Fort Sumter, joined military
again but had few victories
• 1864, Sherman’s army attacked and destroyed
the railroad center at Meridian, MS, part of
Anaconda Plan
• Total War strategy: "March to the Sea," ripping
through Georgia with a 60-mile-wide path of
total destruction to break the south physically William Tecumseh Sherman
and psychologically
General Robert E. Lee – Southern Leader
• Graduated top in his class from
West Point in 1829 and served on its faculty
• Spent 32 years in the U.S. Army
• Asked by Lincoln to serve as
Commander of the Union Army but
declined this offer when his home
State of VA seceded
• Became senior military advisor to
President Davis of the CSA
• Later became the Commander of the
Confederate eastern army or “The
Army of Northern Virginia”
• Held off Union troop from Virginia soil
• Respected by his troops and considered
one of the best military minds of his
time
• Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Court House on April 9, 1865
Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896,photographer
Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson
• Graduated from West Point in 1846, and
served in the U.S. Army
• Corp commander of the Army of
Northern Virginia
• Gifted and brilliant military strategist,
became part of the faculty of VA
Military Institute
• Accidentally shot at the Battle of
Chancellorsville and died eight days later of
Pneumonia
• His death was a severe setback for the
Confederacy, affecting strategy and morale
• Became an icon of Southern Heroism
WEAPONS
• Rifle (muzzle loader) calls for a change in
tactics, although most leaders are slow to
grasp its impact and use Napoleonic tactics
(shoulder to shoulder).
• Rifled and smooth-bore artillery could be
mass-produced. Ranges were well over a
mile, though accuracy was not great at
long ranges
Inventions/ Innovations In….
Telegraph
Ironclads
Aerial Reconnaissance
Gatling Gun
Railway
Canned food
Paper Money
Naval Mines and Torpedoes
Submarines
Trench Warfare
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Battle Moves:
Union Blockade
 First strategy of Union plan
 Blocked all Confederate ports from
shipping out or receiving in
 26 Union Ships to begin
 Added over 75 more Ironclads
 Confederate hired blockade runners
 9 out of every 10 runner got through!
 Over 650 blockade runners in 1861
Battle Moves:
Battle of
Bull Run, VA
(1861)
• Thinking an invasion of Richmond (Confederate capital) would bring a quick
end to the war, the Union marches into VA with an army of volunteers
• Union Congressmen gathered to “watch” like a sporting event
• Jackson received his famous nickname “Stonewall” from this battle because he
stood his ground like a stone wall
• Confederate troops sent Union army into disarray
• Anaconda Plan was formed
Battle Moves:
Battle of Antietam, MD (1862)
• September 17, 1862
• One of few battles on Union soil
• Lee wanted Maryland to join CSA so he attacked the North
in Northern territory!
• Bloodiest single day of fighting in all of US history (22,000+
men)
• McClellan (Union) fails to destroy Lee's army but Lee had to
retreat
• No clear winner
• Lincoln sees it as a positive event because Lee retreats
back to VA so Lincoln issues his Emancipation
Proclamation
Civil War Trust - Battle of Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation September 22,
1862
• Executive Order from Lincoln that stated slaves of any state that did not return
to the Union would be free
• All slaves in rebellious states would be freed Jan. 1863
• Did not apply to slave states that were in the Union!
• Lincoln uses his power as “Commander-in-Chief” to make a move to free the
slaves in the Confederate States
• This now put Slavery, not preserving the Union, the primary reason for fighting
the war
• Discouraged the British and French governments from helping the Confederacy
• Slaves started leaving their plantations – weakened the South
Biography: Emancipation Proclamation
Battle Moves:
Gettysburg, PA (1863)
• Second battle on Union soil by General Lee
• Battle lasted three days, July 1-3, 1863
• Deadliest battle of the war (50,000+ men)
• During the first day of fighting, Confederates were very successful
• On the second day, the Union held their ground
• On the third day “Pickett’s Charge” (CSA Gen. Pickett) was defeated
leaving Lee no other option but to retreat back to Virginia
• Major turning point in the war due to heavy casualties, the
Confederacy never regained enough men (Union had more men to
draft)
Gettysburg Casualties
Lincoln’s famous “Gettysburg Address” was at
the ceremony at the Gettysburg cemetery
remembering those who died and offering
reasons for the war.
Battle Moves:
Chickamauga, GA (1863)
• September 19–20, 1863
• First major battle in Georgia – largest fought
in GA
• Second bloodiest battle(34,000+)
• Union goal was to capture Chattanooga, TN
for the railroads and move toward Atlanta
• One of the most significant Union defeats
• CSA Gen Bragg later went to secure
Chattanooga and was defeated by US Gen
Grant
• Then Chattanooga became the Union
launching point for Atlanta campaign
Federal camp by the
Tennessee River,
Battle Moves: Kennesaw Mtn. and the
Atlanta Campaign (1864)
• Battle of Kennesaw Mt. was the last Confederate victory before Atlanta falls
• June 27, 1864
• Blocked Sherman’s path to Atlanta with fortifications on Kennesaw Mtn.
• The Union army eventually went around the Mtn. and headed toward Atlanta,
an important railroad and supply center for the Confederacy
• Major blow to the Southern forces
• Atlanta Campaign was a series of smaller battles (4.5 months!)
• September 2,1864, Atlanta falls to Union forces and this politically helps
Lincoln get re-elected
• Battle of Atlanta
Battle Moves: Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864)
• After Sherman captured Atlanta he sent his troops through GA to Savannah,
Nov.-Dec. 1864 (5 weeks)
• He operated without supply lines and took what he needed along the way,
resulting in complete destruction of factories, industry, infrastructure, towns,
buildings, and civilian property (Total War Strategy “Scorched Earth”)
• Path was 300 miles long and 60 miles wide
• Savannah surrendered without a fight
• North gained all the stored cotton in Savannah ports
Sherman’s
March
through
Georgia
1864
Andersonville, GA
A Prisoner of War Camp
• Andersonville was a Confederate
POW camp that was overcrowded
and extremely undersupplied which
caused many to die.
• Held 3x’s more prisoners than
designed for
• Because of contaminated water and
disease 13,000 died (highest of all
prisons)
• Commanding Captain Wirz was tried
and executed on war crimes
although he tried to improve
conditions
Story of Andersonville Prison
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Deaths in Comparison
to Other Wars
Civil War in 4 minutes