Transcript Civil War

Civil War
Fort Sumter- Emancipation
Proclamation
The Outbreak of War
• Confederate soldiers began taking over federal
instillations in their states
– Courthouses, post offices and especially forts
• Only 2 southern forts remained in the Union by
the time Lincoln was inaugurated- Fort Sumter
was the most important
– Located on an island in the Charleston Harbor (SC)
First Shots Fired
• April 12,1861- South Carolina fired on Fort
Sumter, US forces surrender
– Charleston citizen watched and cheered
• Significance: opening confrontation of the
Civil War
– Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the
rebellion and preserve the Union
– Virginia, Arkansas, NC, and Tennessee secede
from the union and join Confederacy
2 Separate Nations
• 4 remaining slave states remained in the Union
– Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
• MD was placed under martial law to keep the capital
of the Union from being held in enemy territory
Stop and Think!
• What was especially damaging to the Union
about Virginia’s secession?
Advantages
Union
• More resources
(factories, railroads,
food production)
• Larger population
• Patient, decisive leader
(Lincoln)
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Confederacy
Profits from “king
cotton”
First rate generals
Strong military tradition
High motivationdefending their
homeland
Anaconda Plan
• Union strategy for victory
• 3 part plan:
– Union navy would blockade southern ports to prevent
trade
– Union would take control of the Mississippi River,
cutting CSA into 2 parts (divide and conquer)
– Union armies would capture Confederate capital of
Richmond, VA
Efforts to capture Richmond
• most difficult objective was to take Richmond
due to leadership of Robert E. LeeCommander of Army of Northern Virginia
– Opposed secession but felt loyal to VA
• “On to Richmond”- Union efforts to capture
Richmond early in the war were unsuccessful
– Union losses at Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, 7
days’ fight, 2nd Bull Run
Bull Run
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bYqrDuV
DtA
Antietam
• Bloodiest single-day battle in American History23,000 casualties
• George McClellan (US) v. Robert E. Lee (CS) in
Maryland
• Significance: Lee’s army retreats to Virginia,
Lincoln take it as a victory and is able to issue the
Emancipation Proclamation
Antietam
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y82uZ7oX
2tE
Emancipation Proclamation
• Issued by Lincoln on January 1, 1863
• Freed slaves located in “rebelling” states (states
that had seceded and were still in rebellion
against the US government)
• Significance:
– Made the end of slavery a Northern war aim/goal
– Discouraged European powers like Great Britain and
France from supporting the Confederacy
– Allowed for the enlistment of African-American
soldiers in the Union Army
Stop and Think!!
• How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the course of the Civil War?
Civil War
Life During Wartime
Political Problems
• Neither side was completely unified
– There were Confederate sympathizers in the North
and Union sympathizers in the South
• Created 2 problems:
– How should they handle the critics?
– How do they ensure a steady supply of men?
Dealing with dissent
• Lincoln dealt with disloyalty with force
– Confederate supporters in the North were jailed without a
court hearing
• Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus (court order that
requires that a person be brought before the court to determine
why they are being jailed)
– Others were banished to the South
– Those arrested included “Copperheads” or Northern
Democrats who wanted peace with the South
– Lincoln set a precedence of expanding the powers of the
executive branch during wartime or for “national security”
Conscription
• Drafting certain people in the army-Became
important because of heavy casualties and deserters
among volunteers
• Confederate States drafted men 18-35 (later raised in
1864 to 17-50)
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Wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve for them
Planters that owned 20+ acres were exempt
“rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
Almost 80% of able-bodied Southern men served
Conscription cont.
• Union men 20-45 years old were drafted for a 3 year
period
– Allowed substitutes
– Could pay $300 to avoid conscription
– Bounties were paid to volunteers-92% of the army (many
African American)
• Draft riots broke out in the North
– Poor white workers believed that if they fought to free
slaves, the slaves would come north and take their jobsprotested the draft
African Americans in the War
• Allowed to enlist after the Emancipation
Proclamation
– Represented 10% of the entire Union army by the
end of the war
– Discrimination was common
• Paid less than white soldiers ($10/month and no
clothing allowance vs. $13/mo +$3.50 for clothing for
whites)
• Segregated units with white officers
• Slaves seized opportunity to escape and
achieve freedom
Slave Resistance in the South
• Union army would liberate the plantations and slaves
sought safety in the North
• Those that stayed on the plantation had little
supervision and didn’t work and even sabotaged the
plantation
• Others would kill the white master’s family
– Led to generalized feeling of fear
• Many white folks began to realize that slavery was doomed
Southern Economy
• Faced shortage of food and men
– Men were fighting and dying
– Yankees were occupying food growing areas
– Had no slaves to work the fields
• Refused to work, fled or been liberated
– Food shortage caused riots
– Union blockade let to shortages of other items and
wouldn’t allow cotton trade
• ECONOMY IS SHATTERED!
Northern Economy
• Woolen mills, steel factories, coal mines and other
industries experienced growth b/c supplies needed
for war were in high demand
• Wages couldn’t keep up with the work and white
men lost their jobs to free blacks, immigrants,
women, and young boys
– Could be paid less
• Congress wanted some of the wealth for the US gov’t
and collected the first income tax in 1863
Life of a Soldier
• Camp life was lonely. Boring and repetitive
– Lack of sanitation, poor quality of food, lack of proper
medical care
• Warfare- brutal battles fought with outdated tactics
and advanced weapons led to high casualties
– many killed, even more wounded
• Many soldiers kept wartime diaries and sent letters
home to record the harsh realities of war
Women during wartime
• Typically managed homes and families with scarce
resources
• Often faced poverty and hunger (especially in the
South)
• Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing and war
industries
• Clara Barton- served as a nurse-worked on the
frontlines pulling bullets and dressing wounds,
later founded the American Red Cross
– “Angel of the Battlefield”
Civil War and Reconstruction
The Northern Shift and the End of
the War
The North Takes Charge
• Battle of Gettysburg- July 1-3, 1863
(Pennsylvania)
– Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia invaded the
North
– Union Victory- Lee’s army forced to retreat to
Virginia
– 51,000 casualties in 3 days- largest battle of the
Civil War
– SIGNIFICANCE: TURNING POINT OF THE
WAR*******************************
Vicksburg
• July 4, 1863
• Ulysses S. Grant (Union) captured Vicksburg
on the Mississippi River
• Significance- union controlled all of the
Mississippi River- cut the confederacy in half
– Part of Anaconda plan
Gettysburg Address
• National cemetery was built for all Union
soldiers
– Lincoln attended the dedication
– Gave the Gettysburg Address- 2 minutes
• Said that the United States was one nation,
not a federation of independent states
– “United States IS”
Gettysburg Address cont.
• Lincoln identified the reasons for fighting the
Civil War
– To preserve a nation that was dedicated to the
proposition that “all men are created equal”
– To preserve a nation that was dedicated to a
government “of the people, by the people, and for
the people.”
Confederacy wears down
• Lincoln made Grant the commander in
chief on Union forces in 1864
• Grant decided to take on Lee’s army in
Virginia, while William T. Sherman attacked
Atlanta
– Sherman captured Atlanta in Sept. 1864
– Grant captured Richmond in April 1865
– Both were destroyed
Surrender
• Appomattox Court House- April 9,1865
– Lee surrendered his army to Grant- urged
Southerners to accept defeat and unite as
Americans again
• Significance- marked the end of the Civil War
with a Northern victory and an end to the
Confederacy
The War’s Impact
• Long and costly war concluded with:
• Northern victory- preservation of the Union
• Southern defeat- end to states’ rights and
secession arguments
• Emancipation of slaves
• Federal government stronger than individual
state government
• DESTRUCTION OF SOUTHERN ECONOMY*
Civil War and Reconstruction
Legacy of War and Reconstruction
Post-War changes
• Political changes:
– Federal government is viewed as supreme to state
governments
• Secession no longer an option for states
• Economic changes:
– Northern and Midwestern states had BOOMING
economies
• Based on business, manufacturing and industrial growth
• Railroads increased
– TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD- from East to West completed by 1869
Post-War changes cont.
• Southern economies devastated
– Slavery abolished- wipe out labor source
– Cities were destroyed- Richmond and Atlanta
– Railroads and farms destroyed
– Confederate money was worthless
• Social changes:
– Many veterans on both sides had permanent
disabilities
– 13th Amendment: abolished slavery in the United
States****
War changes lives
• Ulysses S. Grant- urged northerners not to be
harsh to former Confederates
– Elected President of the United States in 1868 and
1872
– Advocated rights for Freedmen- former slaves
• Robert E. Lee- urged Southerners to reconcile
and rejoin union
– Served as President of Washington College (now
Washington and Lee)
– Emphasized importance of education to the nation’s
future
War changes lives
• Frederick Douglass- supported full equality for
African-Americans
– Encouraged federal government to take action that
would protect the rights of Freedmen in the South
– Became ambassador to Haiti
– Advocated for the pass of the 14th and 15th
Amendments
• Abraham Lincoln- Assassinated 5 days after Lee’s
surrender
– Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in
Washington, DC
– Never had a chance to implement his Reconstruction
plan
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
• 2 definitions:
– Period during which the United States began to rebuild
after the Civil War
– Also the process by which the federal government
readmitted former Confederate states
• Have to address 3 issues:
– How to readmit to southern states
– How to deal with newly freed slaves
– How to ensure this never happens again (what to do
about former Confederate leaders)
Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan
• Argued that the southern states had never left the
Union because secession was illegal
• When 10% of VOTERS pledged allegiance to the
U.S.- states could be readmitted to the union
• VERY LENIENT PLAN- goal was to readmit states as
quickly as possible- NO PUNISHMENT
– In his 2nd inaugural address (after winning reelection in
1864) he said “ with malice towards none, with charity
for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds”
• Nothing included about African-Americans
Stop and Think
• How does Lincoln’s Plan address the 3 goals of
Reconstruction?
– Readmit states:
– Freed slaves:
– Former Confederates:
Lincoln’s Plan
• Never really got off the ground because of his
assassination
• Was enacted in 3 states however:
– Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee
• Lincoln’s VP, Andrew Johnson takes over after
Lincoln’s assassination
Andrew Johnson’s Plan
• Declared that each remaining Confederate State (AL,
FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX,VA) could be readmitted to
the Union under certain conditions:
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Had to withdraw its secession
Swear allegiance to the Union
Annual war debts
Ratify the 13th Amendment
• Radical Republicans were angry because the plan
failed to address the needs of former slaves in 3
area: land, voting rights and protection under the
law
• Johnson pardoned all the Confederate leadersangered Radicals
Stop and Think
• How does Johnson’s Plan address the 3 goals
of Reconstruction?
– Readmit states:
– Freed slaves:
– Former Confederates:
Congressional Reconstruction
• Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to
punish the southern slave owners and give
African-Americans the right to vote
• They take control of Reconstruction in
1866
Congressional Reconstruction
Achievements
• Freedman’s Bureau- assisted former slaves by
providing food and clothing, hospitals, schools
industrial institutes and teacher training
• Civil Rights Act of 1866- forbid “black codes”discriminatory laws in the South
– Johnson vetos, Congress overrides
• 14th Amendment- states were prohibited from
denying equal rights under the law to any American
– SIGNIFICANCE: granted citizenship rights to AfricanAmericans
C.R. Achievements cont.
• Reconstruction Act of 1867- divided former
Confederacy into 5 military districts (military
occupation), set up new requirements to gain
readmission:
– Didn’t recognize state gov’ts formed under the Lincoln and
Johnson plan
– All had to ratify the 14th Amendment
– Constitutions had to ensure African-Americans the right to vote
– Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress overrode it
– Tennessee was exempt
Stop and Think
• How does the Reconstruction Act of 1867
address the 3 goals of Reconstruction?
– Readmit states:
– Freed slaves:
– Former Confederates:
Johnson’s Impeachment
• Frustrated with Johnson’s refusal to comply
with the Reconstruction Act of 1867,
Radical Republicans Impeach him
– impeachment means: formal charges of
misconduct in office
– JOHNSON WAS NOT REMOVED FROM OFFICE
15th Amendment
• Voting rights guaranteed regardless of “race,
color, or previous condition of servitude”
• Significance: Gave African-Americans the right
to vote
Civil War and Reconstruction
Reconstruction Part 2
Life for Former Slaves
• Took advantage of travel opportunities and moved
from their plantations to towns and cities
• Found lost family members
• Established educational institutes
– Hampton Institute founded in VA
• Founded their own Baptist and Methodist churches
• Held office in local, state and federal government
– Hiram Revels- first African-American Senator
40 Acres and a Mule
• Few former slaves had enough money to buy
their own land
• During the war, Gen. Sherman had promised
the freed slaves who followed his army 40
acres of land per family and 1 army mule
• Johnson evicted these people when he took
over
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Freed African-Americans couldn’t grow or sell crops
– Economic necessities forced many to sign labor contracts
with planters
• Sharecropping- landowners divided their land and
gave each worker (black or white) a few acres, seeds
and tools
– At harvest time each worker gave a share of his crops (1/2)
to the planter
• Tenant farming- workers rent land for cash from the
planters and keep their harvest
– Better chances of becoming outright owners of farms
• Rarely happened
Politics in the South
• 2 groups of people emerged:
– Scalawags-white Southerners who joined
the Republican Party
– Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved to
the South after the war
• White Southerners believed they wanted
to exploit the South’s postwar turmoil
Collapse of Reconstruction
• Anti-black violence- goal was the prevent African
Americans from voting
– Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- violent terrorist organization devoted
to white supremacy
• Election of 1876- Rutherford B. Hayes ( R) v. Samuel
Tilden (D)
– Tilden wins popular vote, Hayes wins electoral college
– South upset and disputes the election
Compromise of 1877
• Agreement to settle the disputed election
• Hayes ( R) becomes President
• Republicans would end military occupation of the
South
• White Democrats took control of southern state
governments- “REDEMPTION”
• Significance: Reconstruction ends
– White southern Democrats passed “Jim Crow Laws”segregating races throughout South
– African-Americans denied their constitutional rights