Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
The Two Combatants
• The Union had many advantages (such as?), but it would need to
conquer an area larger than western Europe to win.
• Confederate soldiers were ...
• On both sides, the outbreak of war stirred powerful feelings ...
• The Public and the War:
• Both sides were assisted by … to mobilize ...
• The war was brought to the people via ...
Advantages
Union
• More resources (factories,
railroads, food production)
• Larger population
• Patient, decisive leader (Lincoln)
Confederacy
• Profits from “king cotton”
• First rate generals
• Strong military tradition
• High motivation-defending their
homeland
Discussion Question
•Why is it that many historians consider
the Civil War to be the first modern war?
The First Modern War
• The Civil War was one of the first wars in history to fully utilize the
new technologies that had been created from the Industrial
Revolution.
• The Technology of War:
• Railroads were ...
• Introduction of the rifle changed the ...
• Modern warfare included ...
The First Modern War
• Mobilizing Resources:
• The outbreak of the war found both sides ...
• Feeding and supplying armies was ...
• Despite the North’s advantages, victory on the battlefield was elusive. Why?
• Military Strategies:
• The Confederacy adopted a ...
• Lincoln realized that his armies had to defeat the Confederacy’s … and ...
The War Begins
• In the East, most of the war’s fighting took place in a narrow corridor
between ...
• The first Battle of Bull Run, a Confederate victory, shattered any
illusions that ...
• After the First Bull Run, George McClellan assumed command of the
Union army of the Potomac.
The War in the East
• General Lee blunted McClellan’s attacks in Virginia and forced him to
withdraw back to the ...
• Successful on the defensive, Lee now launched an ...
• McClellan’s Army of the Potomac stopped Lee at the Battle of
Antietam (Maryland), the single bloodiest day in U.S. history
(September 17, 1862).
• 23,000 casualties
• Ambrose Burnside replaced McClellan after Antietam.
• Burnside’s assault on Lee at Fredericksburg, Virginia, resulted in a
…(December 1862).
The War in the West
• Significance?
• Ulysses S. Grant was the architect of early success in the West.
• Though prior to the Civil War Grant was considered somewhat of a
military failure), he was prescient in realizing early on how to exploit
the North’s advantages of …and ….
• In February 1862, Grant won the Union’s first significant victory when
he captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee.
• Grant withstood a …at the Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee).
Discussion Question
•From the North’s perspective, why was the
Civil War fought?
Emancipation
• Slavery and the War:
• In numbers, scale, and the economic power of the institution of slavery,
American emancipation ....
• At the outset of the war, Lincoln invoked time-honored northern values to ...
• Lincoln initially insisted that slavery was ...
Emancipation
• The Unraveling of Slavery:
• Early in the war, Congress adopted a resolution proposed by Senator John J.
Crittenden of Kentucky, which affirmed that the Union had no intention of ...
• The policy of ignoring slavery unraveled and, by the end of 1861, the military
began treating escaped African Americans as …(property of military value
subject to confiscation).
• African Americans saw the outbreak of fighting as heralding the ...
Emancipation
• Steps toward Emancipation
• Since slavery stood at the foundation of the … antislavery northerners insisted
that emancipation was necessary to weaken the South’s ...
• Throughout 1861 and 1862, Lincoln struggled to retain control of the ...
• Union General John C. Frémont issued a proclamation freeing slaves in Missouri (August
1861).
• Fearing the negative impact on loyal border states, Lincoln rescinded Frémont’s order.
• Lincoln proposed gradual emancipation and colonization for border-state slaves.
Emancipation
• Lincoln’s Decision:
• Sometime during the summer of 1862, Lincoln concluded that emancipation
had become a …and … necessity.
• Upon Secretary of State William Seward’s advice, he delayed announcing
emancipation until ...
• On September 22, 1862, five days after Antietam, Lincoln issued the ...
• The initial Northern reaction was not encouraging, with important Democratic
wins ....
Emancipation
• The Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, which
declared slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free.
• Despite its limitations, the proclamation set off scenes of jubilation among
free blacks and abolitionists in the North and “contrabands” and slaves in the
South.
• The Emancipation Proclamation not only … of the Civil War and the course of
American history, but represented a turning point in Lincoln’s own thinking.
• Why?
Emancipation
• Enlisting African American Troops:
• Of the proclamation’s provisions, few were more radical in their implications
than the enrollment of ...
• By the end of the war, over how many? African American men had served in
the Union army, and how many? in the navy.
• Most African American soldiers were … who joined the army ...
• For African American soldiers, military service proved to be a ...
• The Union navy treated African American sailors pretty much the same as ...
• Within the army, African American soldiers did not … to white soldiers.
• African American soldiers played a crucial role not only in winning the Civil
War but also in ...
The Second American Revolution
• Liberty and Union:
• The Union’s triumph consolidated the northern understanding of … as the national
norm.
• Emancipation offered proof of the … and … of the country’s history.
• Lincoln’s Vision:
• To Lincoln, the American nation embodied a set of … centered on … and ...
• The Gettysburg Address identified the nation’s mission with the principle that “all
men are created equal.”
• From Union to Nation:
• The war forged a new national self-consciousness, reflected in the increasing use of
the word “nation”—a unified political entity—in place of the older “Union” of
separate states.
The Second American Revolution
• Liberty in Wartime:
• Neither side was completely unified
• There were Confederate sympathizers in …and Union sympathizers in …
• Republicans labeled those opposed to the war “Copperheads.”
• Created 2 problems:
• How should they handle the critics?
• How do they ensure a steady supply of men?
• The war heightened existing social tensions and created new ones.
• Draft riots
• Labor movement
• Lincoln consolidated executive power and twice suspended the writ of habeas
corpus throughout the entire Union for those accused of “disloyal activities.”
• After the war, the Court made it clear that the Constitution was
not suspended in wartime (Ex parte Milligan, 1866).
The Second American Revolution
• The North’s Transformation:
• The North experienced the war as ...
• Government and the Economy:
• Congress adopted policies that promoted … and permanently altered the ....
• The Homestead Act
• The Land-Grant College Act
• Building the Transcontinental Railroad:
• Congress passed … for railroads.
• The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869.
The Second American Revolution
• A New Financial System:
• The need to pay for the war produced … in U.S. financial policy:
•
•
•
•
Increased tariff
New taxes on goods
First income tax
Bonds
• Wartime economic policies greatly benefited … railroad men, and ...
• Taken together, the Union’s economic policies vastly increased the … and … of
the federal government.
The Second American Revolution
• The War and Native Americans:
• Withdrawal of troops from the West increased conflict between ...
• Sioux attack in Minnesota.
• Chivington’s massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek, Colorado
•
•
•
•
Union campaign against Navajo led to the tribe’s Long Walk, or ...
Confederates treated Indians better than did ...
Confederate Constitution allowed Native tribes to ...
Slave-owning tribes, such as … sided with the Confederacy.
Discussion Question
•Why did the Confederacy treat Native
Americans better than the Union?
The Second American Revolution
• Women and the War:
• Women stepped into the workforce as ??,??, and ??
• Hundreds of thousands of Northern women took part in ...
• Northern women were brought into the public sphere and the work they
performed during the war offered them a …
• Clara Barton, president of the American National Red Cross, lobbied for the
United States to endorse the First Geneva Convention of 1864.
The Confederate Nation
• Leadership and Government:
• Jefferson Davis proved unable to communicate the … effectively to ordinary ...
• Under Davis, the Confederate nation became far more … than the Old South
had been.
• Confederate government controlled railroads
• Confederate government built factories
• King Cotton diplomacy sought to pressure Europeans to side with the
Confederacy, but this failed.
The Confederate Nation
• The Inner Civil War:
• Social change and internal turmoil engulfed much of the Confederacy.
• The draft encouraged ...
• Southern Unionists:
• Southerners loyal to the Union made a significant contribution to ...
• At least how many? southern white men fought for the Union.
• Elizabeth Van Lew provided vital information to Union forces.
The Confederate Nation
• Economic Problems:
• The South’s economy, unlike the North’s, was in ...
• Numerous yeoman families, many of whom had gone to war to preserve their
economic independence, sank ...
• By the war’s end, over how many? Southern men had deserted.
• Black Soldiers for the Confederacy:
• A shortage of manpower led the Confederate Congress in March 1865 to
authorize the arming of … but the war ended before black soldiers were ...
The Confederate Nation
• Women and the Confederacy:
• Even more than in the North, the war placed … on Southern white women.
• In particular, the … faced by the Confederacy hit women hard. There were … throughout
the South as a result of ...
• Many were left in charge of … while the men were off fighting.
• Rose Greenhow served as a Confederate spy.
• The growing disaffection of Southern white women contributed to the … in
home-front morale and encouraged ...
Turning Points on the battlefield
• Gettysburg and Vicksburg:
• Lee advanced onto Northern soil in … but was held back by Union forces
under the command of General George Meade at the Battle of Gettysburg
(July 1863).
• Pickett’s Charge
• General Grant secured a Union victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi (July 1863)
• 1864:
• Grant, in 1864, began a war of … against Lee’s army in Virginia.
• At the end of six weeks of fighting, Grant’s casualties stood at how many? Lee
had lost how many? men.
• General William T. Sherman entered Atlanta, seizing Georgia’s main ...
Turning Points on the battlefield
• 1864:
• There was a realistic possibility that Lincoln would not be ... Many
Northerners had grown … and some pushed for peace deals with the
Confederacy.
• These included recognition of the Confederacy.
• More wished to bring the rebelling states back into the Union by providing new
guarantees that the federal government would not abolish slavery.
• Some Radical Republicans nominated John C. Frémont on a platform calling
for a...(three things)
• The Democratic candidate for president was General George B. McClellan.
• Lincoln won, aided by Frémont’s withdrawal and Sherman’s ...
Rehearsals for Reconstruction and the End of
the War
• The Sea Island Experiment:
• The Union occupied the Sea Islands (off South Carolina’s coast) in November
1861.
• Women took the lead as teachers in educating the freed slaves of the islands.
• Charlotte Forten and Laura Towne
• By 1865, African American families were working for … acquiring education,
and enjoying better … and a more varied diet than under ...
Rehearsals for Reconstruction and the End of
the War
• Wartime Reconstruction in the West:
• Different from what occurred at Sea Island.
• After the capture of Vicksburg, the Union army established regulations ...
• Freed people signed … and were paid wages.
• Neither side was satisfied with the ...
• At Davis Bend, Grant established a “negro paradise.”
Rehearsals for Reconstruction and the End of
the War
• The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction:
• In 1863, Lincoln announced his Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction.
• When 10% of VOTERS pledged allegiance to the U.S.- states could be readmitted to
the union
• No role for African Americans
• Leniency toward the South
• In his 2nd inaugural address (after winning reelection in 1864) he said “ with malice towards
none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds”
• Free African Americans in New Orleans complained about the Ten-Percent
Plan and found sympathy from ...
• Wade-Davis Bill offered as an alternative plan.
• Required a majority of a state’s voters to …
• Lincoln … the plan.
Rehearsals for Reconstruction and the End of
the War
• Victory at Last:
•
•
•
•
•
Sherman marched from … in November– December 1864.
The … was approved on January 31, 1865.
On April 3, 1865, Grant took ...
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9.
Lincoln was fatally shot on April 14 and died the next morning.
Rehearsals for Reconstruction and the End of
the War
• The War in American History:
• The Civil War laid the foundation for ...
• Both sides lost something they had gone to war to defend.
• The war hastened the transformation of Lincoln’s America of free labor, small
shops, and independent farmers ...
• The work of achieving equality for … remained to be done.
• This goal was for many in the North, particularly radical Republicans and
abolitionists, one of the primary ...
• However, equality for African Americans was very much limited, and in many
ways, the plight of African Americans was similar to that of the pre-Civil War
era despite …