Transcript World War I and the Russian Revolution

Descent into the Abyss:
World War I and the Crisis of
the European Global Order
Chapter 28
Pages 644 – 671
Images
• 29.1: What the image is…and what is
going on with that image…how it relates to
the chapter.
MAIN
• Europeans leaders thought their goals could
only be achieved by force
• The glorification of armed strength took rise
during this time
• Otherwise known as militarism
• Mobilization of military was also important
• Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism,
Nationalism
The System of Alliances
• The Triple Alliance
• Italy
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• The Triple Entente
• France
• Russia
• Also had a secret alliance with Italy
• Great Britain
• Video
The Balkan “Powder Keg”
• Provided outlet to the sea
• Russia seeking to improve trade
• Fall of Ottoman Empire
• Rise of Baltic Nations
• Pan-Slavism
• Uniting of all Slavic people under one government
• Austria – Hungary was opposed to this
• The arch-duke of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was
assassinated by a Serbia terrorist
• An ultimatum was made by A-HE
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Serbia must suppress all groups that opposed the throne
Serbia must dismiss teachers and destroy books that did not support throne
Serbia must dismiss government officials that did not support throne
Austro-Hungarian officials must be a part of the trial of the assassins
If these demands were not met, military action would be used
– Austria declared war on Serbia in July of 1914
Mobilization of Europe
• Russia supported Serbia
• Began to mobilize troops
• Germany told them to stop or face war
• Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality
• Marched through Belgium on the way to France
• England declared war later that day
The War Expands
• Japan joined Great Britain and France
• Italy signed secret treaty with Great Britain,
France and Russia for share of spoils
• Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined
Austria-Hungary and Germany
The Belligerents
• Belligerents or offending nations became known
as the Central Powers
• Central Powers had more rapid communications and
movement
• Better army
• Allied Powers had more:
• Soldiers
• Better industry
• Better navy
Innovations in Warfare
• Machine gun
• U-boat
• Submarines – video
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Poison gas
Airplane
Tank
Video
Propaganda
• Selected bits of information to promote cause
Early Years of the War
• Fighting on Gallipoli
• Peninsula off of Constantinople
• Naval warfare
• French and British ships bombarded Ottoman
Empire
• The British and Germans set up blockades
• Germans sank a cruise liner, killing 128 Americans
• Received a stern warning from President Woodrow
Wilson
• The stalemate – a war of attrition
• Each side was trying to outlast the other
The United States and World War I
• Contraband
• America supplied both sides since we were neutral
• Propaganda about German atrocities
• Heinous acts against defenseless civilians in Europe
• The German foreign minister sent a secret telegram to
Mexico requesting an alliance
• Offered to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico and Arizona if
they would fight on German side
• The British intercepted it, and they published it in American
newspapers
• Unrestricted submarine warfare cost many innocent
American lives
• Democratic ideals
• The Russian people overthrew the Czar and America felt it must defend
democracy and declared war in April of 1917 (video)(video)
Russia in World War I
• Causes of Russian Uprising
• Poverty
• Suppression of democracy
• Weak Duma
• Military took the side of the demonstrators
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
• Two groups in Russia after revolution
• One that was trying to piece nation back together
• Mensheviks
• Promised to continue war
• One that was more radical
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Bolsheviks
Led by Vladimir Lenin
Slogan was peace, bread, and land
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies
– Soviet means council
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Appealed to the poor Russian masses
Believed in equality of humans and equality of economics
Formed basis of communism
Overthrew the provisional government in October revolution
– Named their new party the Communist Party (video)
Peace and Civil War
• Lenin signed peace treaty with Central
Powers
• Gave up some land
• Executed Czar and family
• Communists fought socialist opposition
• Led to Civil War
• Reds – Communists
• Whites – counter revolutionary army
• Reds won after three years and named the new
nation the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics
(USSR)
Defeat of the Central Powers
• Russia’s withdrawal allowed the Germans to pull troops out
of the east and put them on the western front
• Arrival of American troops greatly aided the allies
• With America’s help the Allies stopped the Germans 37 miles
from Paris
• Began to push the Germans back to their own border
• Austria-Hungary’s throne was dissolved and the two became
separate nations
• Turks also asked for peace
• Kaiser finally gave up his throne and an armistice was
signed to stop the fighting
• Between 8 – 10 million people died in the fighting
• Total cost of the war was 300 billion dollars
The Paris Peace Conference
• Problems facing the peacemakers
• Dominated by the four main Allied Powers
• U.S., France, Great Britain, and Italy
• Some countries were excluded
• Territorial conflicts
• Reparations and peacekeeping
• Allies wanted Germany to pay
• League of Nations
What Kind of Peace?
• Paris Peace Conference
• Conflicting viewpoints
• Treaty of Versailles
• United States wanted fair settlement
• Many Allies wanted to punish Germany and
break it up into regions occupied by Allied
forces (video)
The Treaty of Versailles
• Individual treaties with each offending
country
• No draft
• Maximum of 100,000 men
• No heavy artillery, military planes, or
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submarines
Ally occupation of Rhineland
Reparation were to be paid by Germany at no
determined amount or time period
Poland made independent nation
Alsace Lorraine was returned to France
Video
The Fourteen Points
• When the war ended President Wilson came up with
14 Points to make the world a more just place
• Six general points to ensure a just and safer world
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No secret treaties
Freedom of the seas for all nations
Removal of all economic barriers – tariffs, etc.
Adjustment of colonial claims to make them fair to both the
imperialist powers and to colonies
• Establishment of a “general association of nations”
• Eight points dealt with specific regions and countries
• The points impressed people throughout the world
• Video
Fates of Former Territories
• Ethnic populations
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New territorial lines were not ethnically correct
Parts of Germany were given to Czechoslovakia
Parts of Hungary were given to Romania
Genocide occurred
• Systematic killing of a certain ethnic group
– In Turkey Armenians were the victims
• Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia
• Bulgaria had to give territory to Greece and lost its outlet to the
seas
• Ottoman Empire was reduced to mostly just Turkey
• Russia
• Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania all declared independence and were
recognized by the League of Nations
The League of Nations
• Two goals
• Maintain peace
• Promote international cooperation
• Organization
• Assembly
• Representatives of all member nations
• Council
• Consisted of 9 main countries to ensure peace
• Secretariat
• World Court
• Now located in The Hague in The Netherlands
• Mandates
• Colonies of defeated powers ruled by “advanced” governments
• The start of the League
• 42 member nations grew to 59 by the 1940s