Transcript Document

World War 1
Lecture 1
Causes of the War
• What do you see
here?
• What do the
different colors
represent?
• Who is allied to
whom?
• Why might these
countries make
these alliances?
• Which countries
might have the
greatest or least
need to join an
alliance?
Europe at its Peak
• Industrial Revolution made Western
European Nations the most wealthy and
technologically advanced on earth
• Western Europe Dominated the global
economy
• All aspects of life were affected by
modernization
• Standard of living and life expectancy were
at an all time high in the early 20th century
Cause #1: Imperial Tensions
• European nations had competing
colonies
• Colonies served as sources of
inexpensive raw materials, pools of
cheap labor, and markets for finished
products
• Many colonial conflicts nearly turned
into full fledged wars between their
mother countries
Economic & Imperial Rivalries
Cause #2: Militarism
• Glorification of war and increase in military
spending
• Germany competed with England’s naval
superiority
– England responded by producing new military
technology and increasing its size to double that
of the next biggest navy
– Russian mobilized 6 million troops, so Germany
greatly expanded the size of its standing army
Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great
Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]
in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914
94
130
154
268
289
398
1910-1914 Increase in
Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%
Cause #3: Nationalism
• Great pride in one’s country or aspiring to
become one’s own country
• Germany (1871) and Italy (1870) had only
recently became united, independent
countries
• Many countries torn by tensions of different
nationalist groups
• Combined with militarism and imperial
competition, this increased tensions in
Europe
Cause #4: The System of
Alliances
• Countries formed a web of treaties to protect
themselves
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy
• Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain
• Treaty system began by German Chancellor
– Otto von Bismarck – wanted to accomplish
2 goals
– 1. keep Germany out of a 2 front war
– 2. diplomatically isolate France
1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
The War Breaks Out
Nationalism in the Balkans (Pan-Slavism)
• Considered the powder-keg of Europe
• People with diverse religions, ethnic backgrounds,
and languages
• People of the Balkans were very proud of their
heritage and greatly desired independence
• As the Ottoman Empire’s control of the Balkans
receded, new nations were born (i.e. Serbia,
Bosnia, Romania, etc…)
• Russia and Austria competed for control of new
nations in the Balkans
• Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia in 1908 and
Serbia resents this
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
War Breaks Out: The
Assassination of the Archduke
• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria
visited the Bosnian Capital of Sarajevo on
June 28, 1914
• 7 assassin from the Black Hand, a Serbian
nationalist group, plot against him
• 19 year old Gavrilo Princip (the 7th and final
assassin) shot the Archduke (in the neck)
and his wife (in the stomach)
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
War Breaks Out: Austria-Hungary’s
Ultimatum
Germany gave “blank check” of military
support to Austria-Hungary
1. The suppression of all anti-Austrian activity
in Serbia
2. Called for the dismissal of all Serbian
officials to whom Austria-Hungary objected
3. Demanded the right for Austrian officials to
enter Serbia to investigate Serbian state
complicity in the crime and carry out
suppression of anti-Austrian organizations
War Breaks Out: Serbia Responds
• Knowing that they have the backing
and support of Russia, Serbia
accepts the first 2 ultimatums, but
not the 3rd
• Austria-Hungary declares war on
Serbia on July 28, 1914
War Breaks Out: The Alliance
System Leads to War
• Russia supported Serbia and
Germany supported AustriaHungary
• Within one week, almost all of
Europe plunged into war
–Germany declares war on Russia
(and France
–Britain declares war on Germany
World War 1:
The Fighting Begins
Lecture 2
A Multi-Front War
The Schlieffen Plan
The Western Front
• The Western Front was a 475 mile long stretch of land along
Frances border with Belgium and Germany
• Germany tried to take France quickly in the Western Front
and then turn to fight Russia
• This was called the Schlieffen Plan - a quick all-out attack
on France through the lowlands of Belgium
• Germans wanted to avoid fighting on 2 fronts (France and
Russia)
• Within weeks the Germans were within 50 miles of Paris
• Germans made some tactical errors allowing the French
and the Allied armies to regroup and push the Germans
back
• The two sides settled into a war of attrition
The Western Front
Battles Along the Western Front
• Fighting summarized by long battles
that took hundreds of thousands of lives
• Almost no ground was gained by either
side
• Battle of Verdun (1916) – German
initiated, lasted 6 months, 500,000
casualties for each side
• Battle of Somme (1916) – French
initiated, lasted 6 months, over 1 million
casualties
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000
casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one
day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
The Eastern Front
• Lack of supplies and modern technology caused
Russia enormous defeats to the Germans and
Austrians
• 25% of Russian troops were without weapons and
instructed to take them from dead comrades
• By 1917, morale of troops and country were at an all
time low – Russia was ripe for a revolution
• Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks in overthrowing
Tsar Nicholas as ruler of Russia
• Brest-Litovsk Treaty signed with revolutionary
government in Russia (1917) – lost ¼ of country
The Balkan Front
• The Allied Powers decided that the key to
victory was to defeat the Ottoman Empire by
attacking near Istanbul
• This would allow the allies to supply the
Russians, free the Balkans, and attack
Austria from the south
• April 1915 – British troops land on the
Gallipoli Peninsula in an attempt to capture
Dardanelles
• The campaign failed and British were driven
out
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
New Weapons and Technology
• The industrial revolution changed
the face of war – war became
faster, more efficient, and amazingly
accurate
The Machine Gun
• Modern industry replaced the
single-fire, short-range rifle
• British machine guns held 250
rounds of ammunition and fired 8
rounds per-second at a distance of
2,900 yards
Artillery
• Artillery also modernized to become more
effective in warfare
• Changes were made to make them able to
carry greater and deadlier payloads to
further and more accurate destinations
• Became more destructive
• 24 million shells used in the Battle of
Verdun alone
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
Weapons of the Industrial Age
• 75 different types of poison-gas bombs
used
• Flame throwers
• Tanks
• Airplanes
• U-Boats/submarines
• New Weaponry accounted for more
than 10 million deaths in World War 1
Sacrifices in War
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
U-Boats
British Tank at Ypres
French Renault Tank
Trench Warfare
• Modern technology ruined the military
strategy of massive charges of soldiers
• 475 miles of trenches were dug across
northern France
• British troops used over 10 million shovels
during the war
• Charging “over the top”, crossing no man’s
land to overtake enemy trenches
• Boring, terrifying, and caused shell shock
• Horrible living conditions
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Trench Warfare
War Is HELL !!
World War 1:
The Effects of War
Lecture 3
Total War
• Civilians back home made huge sacrifices
• Governments controlled industries and
rationing
• “victory is only possible if all the treasures of
our soil that agriculture and industry can
produce are used exclusively for the war
effort”
• Germans 17 to 60 not at war worked
wherever the government told them to
Women and the War
• Worked in jobs traditionally held only by men, who
were at the front
• Number in paid employment rose by over one
million
• Worked in paramilitary organizations to support
soldiers at front
• Paid less than men for same work
• Industrial and civil work provided better pay and
working hours than traditional jobs
• Women discovered the benefits of financial
autonomy and greater mobility
• Some refused to return to domestic service
• Women won the right to vote throughout Europe
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Russian Women Soldiers
Red Cross Nurses
Patriotic Fervor
• Many Europeans looked forward to war at
the start
• Most believed that the war would end with in
months not years
• In each country, the wartime government
took control of the economy. Governments
told factories what to produce and how
much. Numerous factories were converted
to munitions factories. Nearly every ablebody civilian was put to work in the war effort.
Patriotic Fervor
• Many goods were in short supply that
governments turned to rationing
• Governments also suppressed antiwar activity – sometimes forcibly
• Governments also used propaganda
to keep up morale and support for the
war effort
Propaganda
• The spreading of ideas, information or rumor
for the purpose of helping or injuring an
institution, a cause or a person
• Ideas, facts or allegations spread deliberately
to further one’s cause or to damage an
opposing cause
• One of the main instruments of propaganda
was the war poster
Attitudes Change
• Soldiers changed European’s
optimistic Fervor through letters
about the horrors of war
• No crowds or heroes’ Welcome
after the war
Recruitment Posters
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
New French Recruits
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
A Young Australian Recruit
Homework: Propaganda Posters
• Create a poster that could be
used by one of the combatants for
propaganda purposes during
WWI
• Poster should be as authentic as
possible to the period
• Due Tuesday, January 18
World War 1: The Americans
and the End of the War
Lecture 4
The Americans
• April 1917 – The Americans enter into the
war
• Germans focus all their efforts on the
Western front in 1917 with Russia’s exit from
the war
• The Americans offset the loss of the
Russians
• The Americans provided money, materials,
and troops
2 events drew the Americans into
the war
The sinking of the
Lusitania
An American Ship sunk
off the coast of
Ireland by the
Germans
Over 1200 dead
including a member of
the influential
Vanderbilt family
• The Zimmerman
Telegram
• Secretly sent to the
Mexicans requesting an
Alliance having them
attack the United States
• Promised the return of
Texas, New Mexico, and
Arizona
• Also requests an alliance
with Japan
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
The Allied Advantage
• 1917-1918 The Allies effectively implement a
naval blockade of the Central Powers
• Blockade creates shortages of food and raw
materials in Germany and Austria
• Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman
Empire were greatly weakened by the Allied
effort
The War Ends
• The war was questionable until the very end
• 1918 brought a quick end
• Bulgaria surrenders first when a British-French
force defeated the Bulgarians in Greece
• Turks surrendered next in October 1918
• Austria-Hungary gave in November 4, 1918 after
increased attacks by the Italians and civil unrest
with in its own country
• Independence was promised to the Poles, Czechs,
Slovaks, and Croats if they agreed to revolt against
the Central Powers
• Germany then stood alone when on Nov. 9, 1918
Berlin revolted and the Kaiser was overthrown and
a new Government (a republic) was put into place
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
Surrender
• On November 11, at 11 am, the new
German government signed and agreed
to an armistice ending all fighting
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
The Paris Peace Conference
(Versailles Peace Treaty)
• Allies met in Paris on Jan. 18, 1919 to
negotiate the terms of peace
• Conference aimed at the “Big Four”
– Britain – Prime Minister David Lloyd
George
– France – President Georges Clemenceau
– Italy – President Vittorio Orlando
– United States – President Woodrow Wilson
Wilson’s 14 Points
• President Woodrow Wilson offered a framework for
a peace of justice
• Hoped he could prevent future international crisis
• Presented ideas of self determination and promised
to choose their style of government and national
independence
• Promised new nations based on ethnic
homogeneity throughout Europe
• Wanted to create an international body of
representatives from all the world’s countries to
handle conflicts diplomatically
Italy, France, and Britain’s Plan
• Italy demanded that the allies honor secret
treaties signed at the beginning of war that
promised territory in the eastern
Mediterranean
• Britain wanted to protect their overseas
empire and increased influence in the Middle
East, Africa, and East Asia
• France wanted to punish Germany for their
role in the war
Contrasting Ideas
• Italy, France, and Britain’s plans for peace were in
direct conflict to the United States
• Britain supported France’s idea for a peace of
vengeance
• France and Britain felt they had more pull because
they had the most sacrifices
• Americans only lost approximately 330,000 soldiers
• As the arguing amongst the Big Four intensified,
Italy abandoned the conference and Wilson
returned home without accomplishing anything
Vengeance is Served
• France and Britain wanted Germany to
pay heavily as well as humiliate and
cripple them
The Conditions
• France demanded security against future
German aggression
• Germany forced to turn over its navy
• Germany could keep an army no larger than
100,000 soldiers
• Return the region of Alsace-Lorraine to
France
• Disarm the Rhineland (the region between
the Rhine River and the French border
More Conditions
• France was to receive all coal produced in the Saar
Valley for 15 years
• Germany was forced to turn over all of its overseas
colonies to the allies
• Germany was forced to pay war reparations
(handing over a blank check)
• Reparations eventually equaled nearly 32 million
• Agreed to the “Guilt Clause” – stated that Germany
was responsible for all losses and damages
incurred by the Allies during the war
• Wilson agreed to treaty in exchange for the
inclusion of the League of Nations
What about the other Central
Powers?
• Treaties similar to Germany’s signed with
the other Central Powers
• Many countries experienced a change in
their borders
• Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, and Russia lost
territory
• Many new countries were created.
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total