Transcript War and Revolution

World War I Breaks Out
January 6, 2014
Objective: Identify the major
causes of unrest in Europe
Causes of WWI
1.
2.
3.
4.
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
1. Militarism
• Glorifying military power and preparing for war
– If war came, it would be incredibly destructive
– Britain: Navy
– Germany: Army
• Large standing army leads to both patriotism &
fear
• Conscription: military draft
– Had been established in most Western nations
• Military leaders became more powerful
– Leaders began to make decisions for military instead
of political reasons
2. Alliances by 1914
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
• Germany
• France
• Austria-Hungary • Great Britain
• Italy
• Russia
Tangled &
unstable
alliances!
3. Imperialism
• Stronger country taking over a weaker nation
– i.e., Balkan Crisis
• Competition between European countries for
overseas territories
• Leads to rivalry & mistrust
4. Nationalism
• Deep devotion to one’s own country
– Can lead to competition between nations
– Territorial disputes
• Nationalism  Imperialism  Competition
between nations  Fighting  Revenge
• Not all ethnic groups had become nations so
many still dreamed of their own national
states
Wait a minute…
What’s going on?
Oh, yeah!
Okay, let’s review…
• Balkan Peninsula
• Balkan Wars – 1912-1913
– Mountainous peninsula
in the SE corner of
Europe
• Decline of Ottoman
Empire led to formation
of Greece, Bulgaria,
Montenegro, Romania,
& Serbia
– Balkan League: Greece,
Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria
International Crisis in the Balkans
• Balkan Crisis: 1912-1913
– Balkan League – Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria
• Serbia, backed by Russia, wanted to create a large,
independent Slavic state in the Balkans
• Austria-Hungary stands in their way
Serbia
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand – • Gavrilo Princip – 19
Austrian heir to the throne
year-old member of the
who was assassinated on
Black Hand who
June 28,1914 while visiting
assassinates the
Sarajevo (along with his
Archduke
wife)
The Black Hand?
• Serbian terrorist organization that wanted
Bosnia to be free from Austria-Hungary
What’s a leader to do?
• A-H gov’t didn’t know if the Serbian gov’t had
been directly involved in the assassination
– Didn’t care! Wanted to attack Serbia in retaliation
– But…feared Russia would intervene on Serbia’s
behalf
• So they asked for, and received, support from
their German allies
– “Blank check” from Emperor William II
Alliance System Fulfilled
• Austria’s declaration of war set off a chain
reaction within the alliance system
– Countries of Europe follow through on their
pledges to support one another
Triple
Alliance
Germany
Austria
Italy
Triple
Entente
Great Britain
France
Russia
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
• Attack France and then
Russia
• Speed vital
• Since Germany knew France
had troops all along their
border, Germany decided to
attack France’s unprotected
northern border with
Belgium
• Germany invades Belgium, a neutral country, thus bringing
Britain into the conflict
•Britain declares war on Germany
•By August 4, all the Great Powers of Europe were at war!
European Nations Take Sides
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Joins later:
Bulgaria &
Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• Joins later: Japan
& Italy
January 7, 2014
Objective: Identify the events that led to
America’s entry into the war
The Use of Propaganda
• Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or
against a cause
• Most people believed that their nation’s cause
was just
• Many also believed that the war would be
over in just a few short weeks
The Western Front
• Trench Warfare
– Soldiers fought from parallel trenches
– Armies traded huge losses for small land gains
• “No man’s land”
– Stretched between enemy lines
– Filled with bomb craters and barbed wire
– No soldier could survive there
A Puzzling Phenomenon
• Trench warfare was something that military
leaders had no experience with
– This was not a war of movement and manuever
• The Great War becomes a war of attrition
– A war based on wearing down the other side by
constant attacks and heavy losses
New Tools of War: Machine Guns
New Tools of War: Poison Gas
Introduced by
the Germans
but used by
both sides
Some gases caused
blinding or severe
blisters. Others
caused death by
choking
New Tools of War: Armored Tanks
Introduced by
British in 1916
New Tools of War: Zeppelins
New Tools of War: Zeppelins
Because they were
filled with hydrogen,
zeppelins were easy
to take down if hit by
antiaircraft guns
New Tools of War: Airplanes
First used to take
photographs of
enemy lines and
later to drop
bombs
New Tools of War: Submarines
Introduced by Germany
(known as U-boats) in
1914
New Tools of War: Larger Artillery
Result of New Tools of War
Kill huge numbers of people more
effectively!
U.S. Involvement
• At first, tried to remain neutral
• Britain set up a blockade of Germany which
prevented Ger. from gaining war materials and
other goods by sea
– Ger. retaliated by setting up a blockade of Britain
and utilized unrestricted submarine warfare
Lusitania
• British ship sunk by German u-boats
– >100 American civilians were killed
– Ger. suspended unrestricted warfare due to
protest from U.S. (Sept. 1915)
• Ended suspension in April 1917
Zimmerman Note Primary Source
Activity
The U.S. Enters the War
• Justification for declaring war on Germany
– Which was taken largely because of the German
decision to resume unrestricted submarine
warfare.
• This, and the sinking of the Lusitania, brings
the U.S. to join the Allies in 1917
The War’s End and Aftermath
14 Points – Wilson’s Plan for peace!
• Proposed to Congress
even before the end of
the war
• 1st five points – end
secret treaties, reduce
armies, free trade
• 6-13 – New countries
created
• 14th point – created a
League of Nations.
What is the Big Four?
• Refers to the member states that attended the
1919 Paris Peace Conference following World
War I
Who Represented the Big Four?
David Lloyd George – England
Woodrow Wilson – US
Vittorio Orlando – Italy
George Clemenceau – France
What Did They Want?
• Wilson: New world order based on democracy
and international cooperation
– Very idealistic!
• George: Make the Germans pay for the war
• Clemenceau: Revenge and security against future
attacks from Germany
– Germany stripped of all weapons
– Reparations
– Separate Rhineland as a buffer state between Fr. And
Ger.
The Big Three
• Even though Italy was invited, the U.S., France,
and Great Britain made most of the decisions
• Germany was not invited to attend
• Russia could not be present due to its own
civil war
• Side note: Had pulled troops out earlier
when Russian Revolution started
And “on the 11th hour of the 11th
day of the 11th month”…
(November 11, 1918)
ARMISTICE is SIGNED
Treaty of Versailles
• Reparations - $ paid by losing side
• War Guilt Clause – Germany is the sole cause
of the war
• Creates the League of Nations
• Established 9 new countries
– Poland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
Finland, Latvia, Turkey
• Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
• Demilitarized Rhineland
Treaty of Versailles – Main Points!
•Blame
•Reparations
•Army
•Territory
• The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]
1. Germany had to accept the
Blame for starting the war
2.
Germany paid
Reparations for the damage
done during the war.
3.
Germany
was forbidden to
have
submarines or
an air
force. She
could have a
navy of only six
battleships, and
an Army of just
100,000 men.
• 4.
Germa
ny lost
Territory
(land) in
Europe (see
map).
Germany’s
colonies
were given
to Britain
and France.
Legacy of Versailles
• Germany in economic ruins
• New natn’l boundaries leave
every nation w/ethnic
minorities
• Mandates of colonial territories
• Hitler’s rise to power
• US pulls away from European
affairs
• Most of the wars of the 20th
century, revolutions
• Russians feel ignored
Europe Before & After
Casualty Toll
• 4 years
• 30 nations involved
• > 40 million casualties
• 26 million killed (1/2 civilian)
• 20 million injured
• 10 million refugees
• $350 million dollars spent
• Lands destroyed
Long-Term Consequences of WWI
•
•
•
•
•
Destruction of Eastern and Central European empires
Communism in Russia
Instability in Eastern Europe
Social and political transformation
Further industrialization and modernization of
European economies
• German resentment
• General decline in European economic and global
power
Europe After WWI