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1914-1918:
The World
at War
There had been relative peace in
Europe for 100 years prior to
WWI.
But……..
Causes
of the
War
Powerful nation-states form in Europe
after The French Revolution
European states engage in a “
scramble for empire” - frequently
threaten war
Glorification of war and military
influence spreads in all countries
Tariff wars strangle free trade and threaten global economy
Nationalism
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
– Encouraged new
– Newly unified nations
nations (like Italy and
Germany to unify)
– Unified power
challenged older
nations (G.B. and
France)
– Some groups (ethnic
groups) broke away
and wanted
independent nations
CAUSES
 Nationalism
– Intense feelings of pride for one’s
country/nationality
– Some wanted lands back where they had a lot
of people living
– Some wanted independence from countries
that engulfed their culture
4. Aggressive Nationalism
Imperialism
 Tensions were growing as nations
competed for colonies
 Great Britain was already a large empire.
Germany, Italy and Russia were on the
prowl to expand
CAUSES
 Imperialism
– Nations competed with one another for
colonies and raw materials
– Britain and France VS Germany
***This constant competeing caused tension and
unrest.
Militarism
 European nations strengthened their armies
as they tried to expand their colonies
 Germany, Russia and France really grew
huge military in the 1900s
 Great Britain (remember) had the strongest
navy at the time. They did NOT like this.
A rivalry begin between G.B. and
Germany.
CAUSES
 Militarism
– Rivalry between Britian and Germany – both
sides build up military
– Russia doubles size of army
***When countries build up their militaries war
is inevitable!!!
France
Russian Empire
Great Britain
The Allies
France
Russian Empire
Great Britain
Italy
Serbia
Romania
WAR!
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Italy
The Central Powers
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
CAUSES
 Alliances
– Like the nation’s buddy system
– When one country goes to war then many
countries become involved.
**Triple Alliance/Central Powers – Germany,
Austria Hungary, Italy (Changes sides)
**Triple Entente/Allied Powers – France,
Russia, Britain, Serbia, Belgium and USA
Europe 1890
Balance of power prevails
Russia isolated, seeks
allies
Great Britain pleased
France fears Germany
Germany & Austria fear
Russia
Italy & Ottoman Empire weak but
strategically located
Key Vocabulary
 Entente – an understanding among nations
 Ethnic group – people who share a
common language and traditions
 Alliance system – defense agreements
among nations
 Balance of power – a system that prevents
any one country from dominating the
others
Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]
Europe in 1914
Economic & Imperial Rivalries
The
“Spark”
BALKANS
 Powder Keg of Europe
 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia
– This infuriated the Serbs
 Archduke Francis Ferdinand (AustriaHungary) is assassinated and Serbia is held
responsible.
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The
“Powder Keg”
of Europe
Crisis in the Balkans
 Many ethnic and nationalist rivalries
existed
 Greece, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria
argued over territory
 Slavic nationalist wanted to unite all the
people in the region
 Austria-Hungary and Serbia were at odds.
A.H.’s Slavic people wanted independence
and Serbia supported the Slavs and
opposed the empire.
The Assassination
 Archduke Ferdinand was the heir to the
Austro-Hungarian throne
 He went to visit Bosnia with his wife
 He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a
Serbian nationalist
– He wanted to stop the cause of unification of
Slavic people
– Part of a group called the Black Hand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand &
His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
Archduke Franz-Ferdinand greets the
Mayor of Sarajevo
Gavrillo Princip
Serbian terrorist of The Black Hand
moments after killing Archduke
Franz-Ferdinand
Princip
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Tsar Nicholas II of
Russia
Supports Serbia, threatens
Austria with war
Emperor Franz-Josef of
Austria Hungary
Ultimatum
Serbia
Supports Russia, threatens war with
Germany
Gives Austria-Hungary
“blank
Givescheck”
Austria-100%
support
Threatens France
100 % support
& Russia
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
France
Who’s To Blame?
A 25 year old Adolf Hitler cheers the start of war in 1914
WWI BEGINS
 Austria-Hungary and Serbia go to war
 Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary
because they are allied with Serbia (Czar
Nicholas does not believe that Germany –
Kaiser Wilhelm (cousin of the Czarina)
will declare war on Russia.
WWI BEGINS
 Germany – supporting Austria Hungary
declares war on Russia and France because
France is allied with Russia.
 In order to get to France, Germany invades
Belgium which causes Britain to declare
war on Germany
SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
 Germany’s grand plan to avoid a 2 front
war.
– Attack France fast before Russia has time to
mobilize
The Schlieffen Plan
Belgium
 Amazingly, Belgium holds out for three
weeks against Germany
 France and Germany were able to mobilize
their troops
 The Germans got as close 15 miles outside
of Paris before the British and French
stopped them.
Mobilization
 Home by Christmas!
 No major war
in 50 years!
 Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
It's a long way to Tipperary,
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!
German Atrocities in Belgium
The Battle of Marne
 The French and G.B. were able to stop the
Germans during the Battle of Marne
– September 5-12, 1914
– Saved Paris
– Made it clear to the world that the war would
not be easily won by either side
Battle of Marne
Battle of Verdun
 After the fighting at the Battle of Marne,
the fighting reached a stalemate.
 For the next three years, the opposing
armies fought in a network of elaborate
trenches.
 In 1916, both sides attempted to break the
deadlock
Battle of Verdun
 Took place in northeastern France in
February and ran through December (10
months).
 Germans would make gains and French
would fight back
 This was one of the longest and bloodiest
battles
– More than 750,000 German and French
Soldiers died
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme
 The British and French were fighting at the
same time in northern France in July
 This battle only gained the Allies 7 miles
Trench System
Trench Warfare
A Multi-Front War
The Western
Front:
A “War of
Attrition”
The Western Front
WESTERN FRONT
 3 year stalemate
 Trench warfare
– Huge casualities
– Example – Battle of Verdun – Germans lost
330,000 – took 11 months
– By 1916 there were 2 million casualities
Deadly Technology
 Improved cannons
 Poison gas
 (Germans were the first to use in April
1915)
 Planes
 Armored tanks
 U-boats
Deadly Technology
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
A Young Australian Recruit
Recruits of the
Central Powers
A German Soldier
Says Farewell to
His Mother
AustroHungarians
Recruitment Posters
New French Recruits
A German Boy Pretends to Be a
Soldier
Soldiers Mobilized
14
12
Millions
10
8
6
4
2
0
France
Germany
Russia
Britain
Women
and the
War
Effort
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory
Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Spies
 “Mata Hari”
 Real Name:
Margareetha
Geertruide
Zelle
 German Spy!
Posters:
Wartime
Propaganda
Australian Poster
American Poster
Financing the War
German Poster
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
Verdun – February, 1916
 German offensive.
 Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
 Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
War Is HELL !!
Sacrifices in War
The
Eastern
Front
EASTERN FRONT
 Russians and Serbs VS Germans,
Austrians and Turks
 Millions died
 Germans had to fight on 2 fronts but they
began to freeze to death in Russia.
 Russia Pulls out because of Revolution
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence
& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & Prince
Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19
The Tsar with General Brusilov
The
“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the
German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
British Sikh
Mountain Gunners
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from
Cochin, China - 1916
COLLAPSE OF EASTERN
FRONT
 With Russia out the Central Powers put all
of their resources into western front.
 Situation looks grave until Italy and the US
join forces with the allies.
America
Joins
the
Allies
US NUETRALITY
 Woodrow Wilson want to remain neutral
– Wilson secretly gives aide to Brits
LUSITANNIA
 Germans had declared unrestricted sub
warfare
 Lusitania is sunk – carrying 128 Americans
– 1000 dead
– Germans say the passenger ship is carrying
munitions – Brits deny
– Ship sinks in under 20 minutes
– Germans also sink the Sussex
The Sinking
of the Lusitania
ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
 Secret message from Germany to Mexico
– If Mexico allies with the Central Powers it
could gain New Mexico, Arizona and Texas
• Land lost in 1848
**Telegram intercepted – Wilson asks Congress to
declare war on Germany to “Make the World Safe
for Democracy”
The Zimmerman Telegram
The Yanks
Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
The War of
the
Industrial
Revolution:
New
Technology
U-Boats
French Renault Tank
British Tank at Ypres
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Curtis-Martin
U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
“Art”
of
World
War I
“A Street in Arras”
John Singer Sargent, 1918
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Those Who Have Lost Their Names”
Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914
“Gassed and Wounded”
Eric Kennington, 1918
“Paths of Glory”
C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
1918 Flu Pandemic:
Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 –
100,000,000 died
END OF WAR
1. Germans lost millions of soldiers –
running out of reserves
2. With the help of Americans – allies have
many reserves
END OF WAR
3. 1918 – Arabs fight against the
Turks/Ottoman Empire
4. Italy changes sides and defeats AustriaHungary
5. November 1918 – Germany signs
armistice (agreement to end fighting)
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,000 Dead
The Somme American
Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
World War I Casualties
10,000,000
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
0
Russia
Germany
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain
Italy
Turkey
US
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
73,390
15,000
2,133,190
387,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Trapizond District
Total
AFTERMATH AND PEACE
 Wilson comes up with plan called 14
points
– No secret treaties
– Freedom of the seas
– Countries need to reduce arms
– Colonial powers should consider feelings of
the people living there
– ***League of Nations
AFTERMATH AND PEACE
 Europe accepts but the US denies and does
not join the League of Nations
VERSAILLES TREATY
VERSILLE TREATY
 Conference of leaders – Big four
– US, Britain, France and Italy
 Central Powers not invited
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
1. Reduce size of German army
2. Germany to return Alsace Lorraine to
France
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
3. Troops would occupy Rhineland
(German border) for 15 years
4. Poland became independent
5. War guilt clause – Germany had to pay
reparations (war damages) to the allies
6. Other Boundry changes
1. Austria-Hungary broke apart
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
3. Became countries
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Romania
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Ottoman Empire broke apart – Iraq, Palestine, Syria,
Lebanon
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
**Huge problems with treaty – no one truly
happy
**Germany could not pay
**World wide depression
**Treaty of Versailles leads to WWII