Transcript World War 1 - Springfield Public Schools

World War I
The Great War
The War to End All Wars
The Trench War
Causes
• OVER VIEW
–Nationalism
–Militarism and the Arms Race
–Alliances
–Imperialism
Nationalism
• Nationalism- the
feeling that your
country is better than
all others and that its
interests should go
before that of other
countries or the world
– Fierce competition
evolved in everything
from trade to the
acquisition of colonies
Imperialism
• The tendency towards
imperialism led
countries to shoot first
and ask questions
later…..
• There was a culture
of expansionism that
was common
throughout the world
Europe 1914
Imperialism
• Became a “competition” between nations
– Great Britain and Germany were racing to
colonize Africa….. Only Liberia and Ethiopia
were independent
– France and Germany were competing for
control of Morocco
– Russia was trying to control the Serbs and all
of the Slovak people
Militarism
• Arms race – when
countries stockpile
arms and expand
armies as a show of
strength
– To justify expense
there was often
pressure to use force
Alliances
• Alliances – mutual assurance of
assistance in the event of attack
• Allies – France, Great Britain and Russia
• Russia and Serbia
• Central Powers – Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and
Italy
– Other small countries had side agreements
that bound the larger powers as well
Trigger for War
• June 28th 1914 –
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife
were assassinated in
Sarejavo
– Group named “The Black
Hand” Responsible
• Their goal was to reunite
all of Serbia
• Causes chain reaction
that leads to war
Alliances blow the event into World
War
• Austria-Hungary moves troops
to put down any uprising in
Serbia
• Russia begins amassing
troops and weapons on border
with Austria Hungary in
support of Serbia
• Germany declares war on
Russia in support of AustriaHungary
• France declares war on
Germany and Austria-Hungary
in support of Russia
• Great Britain declares war on
Germany in support of France
• GAME ON!
War Begins
The War
• 65 million men fought
in the war
• 20 million were
wounded
• 10 million dead
• 20 million died of
“other” causes
– Starvation
– Disease
– Accidents
American Neutrality
• Neutral – not to choose
sides or “play Favorites
– Public did not want to get
involved in conflict 3000
miles away
– 8 million German
immigrants living in US
– Close ties with Great
Britain
• Language
• Trading partner
– Signs of war atrocities
started to sway public
opinion
German U-Boats and European
Blockade
• Submarines – ship able
to submerge under the
sea, surface and fire
torpedoes
– Torpedo is a “swimming “
bomb that propelled itself
though water to a target.
– Germans sunk all ships,
that might carry contraband
– that stuff that helps an
army to fight
• Weapons, Food, Clothes
etc.
Strategy
• Germans attack through
neutral Belgium
– Easiest and shortest route
to French Capital – Paris
– French and English are
able to stop advance and
both sides dig in for the
long haul.
• Blockade of Europe with
U-Boats
• Increase Alliances
– Mexico
Europe – 1914
Weapons of War
• Technology dramatically
increased the
effectiveness of the
methods using in killing
people.
Trench Warfare
Gas attach
– Machine guns – some
could shoot 500 rounds per
minute
– Artillery – big guns could
shoot and exploding shell
that weighed 1800 lbs. 9
miles (shell size that of a
V.W. bug)
Air War
• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=xA4SEpU3WvM
• Zeppelins
• Fighter planes
Albatross C III
Fokker D VII
– Dog Fights
– Bombing runs
Sopwith Camel
The Trench
Trench warfare made it very
difficult for forces to use
traditional methods of fighting
- frontal attacks were
basically suicidal.
- very difficult to do
flanking maneuvers
- all modes of
transportation were too slow or
too vulnerable to attack
New weapons had to be
developed to counteract the
trench
Medics help injured soldier
in a trench.
Weapons of War
• Chemical Weapons
– Poison Gas
• Nerve Gas – paralyzed the diaphragm, suffocating its victim.
• Mustard Gas – burned skin and caused blindness
– Flame throwers
• Used gasoline or other accelerant sprayed in fine mist and
ignited
• Moveable Artillery
– Tank
• Use of armor to protect occupants of fighting vehicle
– Idea of moveable weapons greatly changed they way war was
fought
Images of War
US Engineer Battalion
Destruction of bridge by
artillery
Americans in the trenches
US leans towards war
• Lusitania
– 1198 people were
killed
• 120 Americans
– Germany threatens to
sink all ships in
international waters
inbound to Europe
Zimmerman Note
• Zimmerman Note
– US intercepts coded message from German
government to the German Ambassador to
Mexico
• Offers to assist Mexico to reclaim lands of Texas,
New Mexico, California and Arizona if Mexico
agrees to fight with the Germans
• Offers “generous” monetary aid
– Goal was to keep US occupied in the Western
Hemisphere to prevent the US from entering
the war in Europe.
Congress Declares War
• American Public was
slow to respond to the
call of war
– Congress institutes the
Draft
– 24 million men were
registered for the draft
• 3 million men were drafted
through the lottery method
• Women were not allowed
to join up
– Were allowed as noncombatants in some
service areas
– Lower pay and fewer
benefits
Russian Revolution
• Russian Revolution –
Spring 1918
– Bolsheviks overthrew
the Russian Czar and
took over the country
– Signed peace treaty
with Germany and
withdrew from the war
– Allows Germany to
focus troops on the
Western Front
American Involvement
• Russia signs separate peace
agreement with the Germans –
following their revolution
• Germany was able to focus
attacks on one front – the
western front in France
– American “doughboys” arrive
just in time to slow and
eventually stop the German
advance in numerous battles.
– Americans fought side by side
with the French, British, and
Italians in the trenches
Transporting Troops
• Shipping became a
priority industry during the
war
– All shipyard workers were
exempt (excused) from the
draft
• Fabrication - method of
ship-building that use
parts made somewhere
else that were assembled
at the shipyard.
– Dramatically cut down the
time needed to build a ship
Convoy System
• Strategy used to protect
troop and supply ships
from U-Boats as they
crossed the Atlantic
– Sailed in tightly packed
formations
– Surrounded by Naval
Destroyers and Cruisers,
who sailed in circles
around the convoy
• Used planes and subdestroyers to combat the
U-Boats
– Depth Charges
World War 1 US Naval Destroyer
Doughboys
• General Pershing put in
Command of the
American Expeditionary
Force
– Refused to split up forces
to reinforce European units
– Fought in coordination with
European Troops but as a
separate army
• Allows Allies to reorganize
troops and took a lot of
pressure off of British and
French troops
The War and the Economy
• The Government took
control of the Economy
following the Declaration
of War
– President Created the War
Industries Board to oversee
production
• Encouraged use of mass
production techniques
• Instituted Price Controls
• Mediated Labor Disputes
– Encouraged citizens to do
without to promote the war
effort through rationing
• Meatless days, gasless
Sundays, etc.
Financing the War
•
The immense cost of war was
funded in 2 ways
– Taxes
• War Profits Tax on
industries that profited
from the war
• Wealth Tax – taxed
wealthy Americans at a
higher rate
• Luxury or Sin Taxes –
taxed items like liquor,
tobacco, and other vices
– Liberty Bonds – individual
citizens loaned money directly
to the gov’t by purchasing
bonds
• On average every
American loaned the
government over $400
dollars – a very large
amount at the time.
America at War
• American forces joined the fight in May
of 1918
– Were able to stop the German
advance just 50 miles from Paris
– Slowly Allied forces started to win
victories and push the Germans
back towards the border
– Very costly in a series of battles
• 48,000 Americans dead from
battle
• 62,000 Americans dead from
disease
• 200,000 Americans wounded
• Battle of the Argonne Forest had
140,000 American casualties alone
Americans in the trenches
Germans in the trenches
Propaganda
• The spreading of
ideas, information or
rumor for the purpose
of helping or injuring a
cause
– Not necessary factual
– Aimed at getting an
emotional response
– Tries to sway public
opinion in a certain
direction
Propaganda
• President creates
Committee on Public
Information headed by
George Creel
– Movies, Books, pamphlets
and music were created to
support the War Effort
– 4 minute men
• 75,000 men were hired to
give 4 minute speeches
on War programs
– Victory gardens,
rationing, liberty bonds
and the draft
– Millions of people heard
these men speak
throughout the country
The Espionage and Sedition Acts
• Fear at Home
– Following the Russian Revolution,
people in the US feared the spread of
communism
– Congress passed the Espionage Act
in 1917 that made it illegal to oppose
the draft, war bonds or the arms
industry.
– Congress passed the Sedition Act in
1918 that made it illegal to use disloyal
language in the press
– Both were upheld by the Supreme
Court because the country was at war
– and major curbs on 1st Amendment
rights were OK when we are at war
Life at Home
• Baseball
– Pro baseball flourished
• National Parks
– National Park Service was
created
• 16 national parks were in
existence at this time
– Wide use of the Automobile
allowed citizens to easily
access parks
– Hunting and Fishing
became popular
– Camping emerged as a
way for people who could
not afford cabins to enjoy
the outdoors
Life at Home
• Movies
– Westerns were popular –
shorts 10-25 minutes in
length
– Charlie Chaplin became
famous as “The Tramp”
and earned a salary way
over $1 million.
– Full feature movies were
introduced that lasted well
over 3 hours
Science and Technology
• Skyscrapers
– Bridges and Tunnels
• Panama Canal
• Automobiles
– Assembly line invented by
Henry Ford
• Cut assembly time from
14 hours per car to 93
minutes
• Used prefabricated parts
• Same methods were used
in war production
The War Ends
• November 11, 1918
at 11 AM in the
morning, Germany
surrenders to Allied
Forces.
Peace
• Kaiser abdicates thrown
and new German govt.
asks for cease fire
• Flu pandemic strikes the
US
• Wilson delivers his 14
points speech
• Peace Conference
between the “Big Four” in
Versailles, France
– France, Great Britain, U.S.
and Italy
– Central Powers did not
attend peace conference
Wilson’s 14 Points
• President Wilson’s plan for lasting peace
– First 5 dealt with causes of war
•
•
•
•
•
Outlawed secret diplomacy
Outlawed secret treaties
Outlawed the stockpiling of arms (Arms Race)
Violations of the freedom of the seas
Trade barriers – tariffs
14 Points
• Nine of the points dealt with self-determination
– How the people of Europe should govern themselves
• Most important to Wilson was the creation of the
League of Nations
– Body designed to mediate disputes between nations
and prevent offensive wars
• There was considerable opposition to his plan
from European political leaders
Versailles Peace Conference
• Only attended by the Big Four
– Central powers were not invited
– Much compromise occurred on the 14 points
in order to save the League of Nations
– European Leaders wanted Germany to “pay”
for the war
• In $
• To be punished
Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty was signed
on June 28th, 1919
– Redrew Map
• Added Poland,
Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia
– Demilitarized
Germany
– Forced Germany to
pay reparations of
$33 billion
– Created League of
Nations
Wilson’s last days
• American Public wanted
to remain Isolationist –
not involved in World
Affairs
• Wilson refused to
compromise on the
Treaty of Versailles
• Gave 35 speeches in 22
days and collapsed in
exhaustion
Opposition to Treaty at Home
• Congress did not like the idea of giving up power to a
“world government” like the United Nations
• Wilson tried to influence congress by doing a whistle
stop tour and giving speeches all across America
• He wore himself out and had a stroke that basically
left him bedridden for the remainder of his presidency
• The treaty never passed and we did not become
members of the United Nations
– European Leaders used this to punish Germany as
much as possible
– Much resentment was created in Germany
– This lays the ground work for WW II.
• US signed a separate peace treaty with Germany and
the Central Powers
Aftermath of War
• Communism and the
Soviet Union
• Beginning of Economic
Expansion called the
Roaring Twenties
• Time of Great Societal
Change
– Constitutional Amendments
– Changing Values
• US as world power