Transcript World War I - Saugerties Central School

WORLD WAR I
T HE R OAD
1.
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie are
assassinated in Bosnia.
2.
Austria- Hungary
declares war on Serbia.
3.
Russia, as Serbia’s
protector, mobilizes for
war.
TO
WAR
4.
Russia’s ally, France,
also readies its troops.
5.
Germany, as AustriaHungary’s ally, declares
war on Russia.
6.
To reach France,
Germany invades
Belgium, drawing Great
Britain in to the war.
7.
The Allies and
Central powers quickly
reach a stalemate.
8.
The U.S., trying to
preserve it’s trade,
stays neutral.
9.
The preparedness
movement urges the
U.S. government to
get ready for war.
T HE U NITED S TATES D ECLARES
WAR

German submarine warfare pushed the United
States toward war because many Americans saw
German submarine warfare as unfair and
uncivilized.

Americans received a one-sided version of war
events in Europe because Great Britain cut the
transatlantic cable between Germany and the U.S.,
leaving London as the sole source of war news.

President Wilson began to support the idea of war
preparedness because U-boats continued their
surprise attacks on ships carrying American
passengers (like the Lusitania).

In February 1917, Wilson broke off diplomatic
relations with Germany because Germany violated
the Sussex Pledge by resuming unrestricted
submarine warfare.

The Zimmerman Note alarmed the American public
because it revealed Germany’s intention to ally itself
with Mexico against the U.S.

On March 20, 1917, Wilson’s Cabinet voted
unanimously for war because between March 16 &
18, Germany had sunk three American ships.
V OCABULARY
 U-Boat: German
submarine
 Sussex Pledge:
Germany pledged
not to sink another
unarmed passenger
ship without
warning
 Zimmerman
Note:
telegram written by
German Foreign Minister
proposing an alliance
between Germany and
Mexico against the U.S.
during World War I
 Russian Revolution:
Revolution where Russian
czar was overthrown and
Russia became a
communist country
A MERICANS ON THE
E UROPEAN F RONT
 General John J. Pershing realized that he
needed more troops in Europe than were
available. American troops began to take on
more and more of the burden on the
battlefield.
 Some Americans believed the Selective
Service Act was an illegal intrusion into their
personal lives
 As many as 12% of men never responded to
their draft notices
THE CONVOY SYSTEM
The U.S. needed a way
to protect its ships
carrying troops
overseas against attack
by German U-Boats.
The U.S. originally
wanted to maintain
“Freedom of the Seas”
since we had been a
neutral country.
A LLIED TROOPS IN E UROPE
American troops ,
called
“doughboys”, were
kept separate from
Allied armies.
In the American
Expeditionary
Forces, African
Americans were
kept separate from
white troops.
L ENIN ’ S TAKEOVER OF R USSIA A ND
G ERMAN WAR STRATEGY
Lenin gained control of Russia after the
Revolution, and then made peace with
Germany (the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). This
allowed Germany to concentrate their forces
on attacking the French and British lines.
A MERICANS HELP TURN THE TIDE OF
WAR

Americans marched
from Paris and
stopped the advance
of the German army.
They played a
successful role in the
Allied counterattack
on Germany, which
led to the collapse of
the German front.
V OCABULARY

Selective Service Act: 1917 law authorizing
a draft

American Expeditionary Force: name given
to American troops in World War I

Convoy: unarmed ships surrounded by a
ring of armed naval vessels

Armistice: cease-fire

Genocide: organized killing of an entire
people
ON
THE HOME FRONT
1. Financing the War:
Sold Liberty Bonds
2. Managing the Economy:
War Industries Board fixed
prices; rationing; daylight
savings time
On the Home
Front
3. Enforcing Loyalty:
Espionage Act, Sedition Act
– made it a crime to
disagree with the
government; fear of
foreigners
4. Changing People’s Lives:
More jobs for minorities
and women; Great
Migration
S CHENCK V. U NITED S TATES
(1919)
The Facts
The Issue
The Decision
During WWI, Charles
Schenck was convicted of
violating the Espionage
Act of 1917, which made
it a crime to cause
refusal of duty in the
military
Schenck’s appeal to
the Supreme Court
argued that his
actions were
protected by the
First Amendment.
The Court
unanimously upheld
Schenck’s conviction and
said that in times of war
the government may
place reasonable
limitations on freedom of
speech.
Schenck had
distributed pamphlets
urging men to resist the
military draft.
Court uses the “clear
and present danger” test
to determine the limits of
the 1st amendment
V OCABULARY

Liberty Bonds: bonds sold during WWI to
help support the war effort

Rationing: government controlled limits on
the amount of certain goods that civilians
could buy during wartime

Daylight Saving Time: started during WWI
to extend the length of the day and lessen
the amount of electricity and fuel used

Sedition: encouraging rebellion against the
government
G LOBAL P EACEMAKER
At the Paris Peace Conference, President
Wilson was forced to compromise on his vision
for peace.
 The Allies wanted to
divide up Germany’s
colonies.
 France and Great
Britain insisted on
harsh penalties
against Germany (a
payment of $33
billion to the Allies).
G LOBAL P EACEMAKER
The proposal for a League of Nations produced
resistance to the Versailles Treaty in the
United States.
 In the Senate,
“Irreconcilables”
argued the League
would weaken U.S.
independence.
 The
 “Reservationists”
wanted a guarantee
that the Monroe
Doctrine would
remain in force.
U.S. NEVER signed the Treaty of Versailles
because of the dispute over the League of Nations.
The U.S. also never joined the League of Nations,
dooming it to failure.
G LOBAL P EACEMAKER
Several challenges faced Americans after the
war, making the transition to peace difficult.
 Jobs became scarce
as discharged
soldiers returned to
civilian life.
 Many women faced
readjustment after
voluntarily leaving
their jobs or being
fired.
V OCABULARY

Fourteen Points: list of terms for resolving World War I
and future wars outlined by American President
Woodrow Wilson

Self-determination: the right of people to choose their
own form of government

League of Nations: world organization established
after World War I to promote peaceful cooperation
between countries

Reparations: payment for war damages

Versailles Treaty: treaty that formally ended WWI
W HAT WAS THE COST OF
W ORLD WAR I, IN TERMS OF
LIVES ?
Country
Total
Mobilized
Forces
Killed
Wounded
Prisoners
and
Missing
Total
Casualties
Civilian
Deaths
(military
action)
Civilian
Deaths
(famine
and
disease)
Russia
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000
9,150,000
500,000
1,000,000
British
Empire
8,904,467
908,371
2,090,212
191,652
3,190,235
4,000
107,000
France
8,410,000
1,357,000
4,266,000
537,000
6,160,800
40,000
260,000
United
States
4,355,000
116,516
204,002
4,500
323,018
757
------
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
150,000
300,000
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,058
1,152,800
7,142,588
1,000
425,000
AustriaHungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000
7,020,000
120,000
347,000