Transcript Imperialism and WWI

“The policy of extending a nation’s
authority over other countries by
economic, political, or military means.”
 Wanted:
 Economic markets, raw materials, investments, coaling
stations.
 British controlled ¼ of world’s people and land
 “Sun never sets on British Empire”
 Navy captain Alfred T. Mahan, The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History
 Goals for the U.S. in becoming a world
power:
1.Modern Fleet
2.Caribbean base
3.Hawaiian base
4.Middle America canal
 Known as Seward’s Ice Box
(Secretary of State)
 U.S. bought Alaska from the Russians
for $7.2 million (two cents an acre)
 Rich producer of timber and oil
 Stopping point since 1790s (on the way to
China)
 1800s sugar plantations
 Foreigners/immigrants outnumbered
Hawaiians 3 to 1
 1875
 Sugar was tax free if imported/exported from
Hawaii to the U.S.
 America allowed to construct naval base at
Pearl Harbor – would serve as a refueling
station for American ships
 Queen Liliuokalani takes power after her brother’s
death
 Remove property requirement to vote.
 Restore power to Hawaiians
 Queen overthrown and Sanford B. Dole named president
 President Cleveland
 Ordered power to be restored to the Queen; Dole
refused
 Recognized Republic of Hawaii
 Not admit as state unless a majority of Hawaiians
agree
 1898
 McKinley accepted Hawaii as American territory
 1959 - Hawaii became a state
 Dollar diplomacy
 U.S. intervention to protect American
investment overseas
 American bankers loaned Nicaragua
money. In return bankers got control of
Nicaraguan banks and railroad
 Nicaraguans revolt, so Taft sends
Marines to put down rebellion
 Missionary diplomacy
 No longer recognize oppressive or
undemocratic governments
 “moral obligation”
 Watchful waiting
 America will not do anything until
provoked
 Mexico
 Government was corrupt
 Leaders being killed and replaced
 America must wait for something to threaten
them before getting involved
 18 Americans arrested in Mexico
 Wilson sends troops but leaves soon
because the government in Mexico
collapsed
 Mexican revolutionary Poncho Villa
kills American engineers and also
invades New Mexico, killing Americans
 John Pershing (and 15,000 troops) sent
to find Villa
 As war in Europe loomed, Wilson
withdrew troops
1.) Nationalism:
 Strong sense of pride in one’s nation”
 Led nations to put own interests before
other nations.
2.) Imperialism:
 “Nations competing for colonies”
 Years of fighting between European
countries caused bad feelings.
3.) Militarism:
 “To be great country need strong army.”
 Rivalries made nations try and keep armies
stronger than others.
4.) Alliances:
 “Formation of military agreements
between nations.”
 Allowed small dispute to draw all nations
into war.
Triple Entente
Russia
France
Great Britain
Triple Alliance
Germany
Italy
Austria-Hungary
 Balkans
 “the powder keg of
Europe”
 Bosnia annexed by
Austria-Hungary;
1908
 Serbia wants Bosnia
 Franz Ferdinand
 Heir to Austrian throne
 Assassinated in Bosnia. June
28, 1914
 Gavrilo Princip
 Member of Black Hand
Society
 Assassinated Franz Ferdinand
 Schlieffen Plan
 Germany attack France quickly, then attack
Russia.
 Marne River
 French retreat to Marne River and stop German
advance.
 Trench Warfare Begins
 Fighting from ditches because of accurate guns.
 Began bloody stalemate.
 No Man’s Land
 Land between trenches.
 Red Baron
 #1 German Ace Pilot (Baron Manfred von
Richthofen)
 Isolationists
 What happens in Europe does not
concern Am.
 Socialists
 Imperialist struggle between German
and English businessmen.
 Pacifists
 War is evil and Am. should set example
of peace.
 Woodrow Wilson (Dem.)
 “He Kept Us Out of War.”
 Charles E. Hughes (Rep.)
 Uphold Americas right to freedom
of the
of the seas.
 Lusitania (1915): British
liner sunk by Germany
 128 Americans killed
 Germany claimed it was
carrying ammunition
 U-Boat = submarine
 Wilson wanted “peace
without victory” – no
harsh terms on one
another
 Telegram between Germany and Mexico (intercepted by the
British)
 Said Germany would help Mexico get back lost territory in
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if war broke out with U.S.
 Followed by sinking 4 unarmed American ships-36 killed
 Russian monarchy overthrown – war between democracies
and monarchies
 April 6, 1917 – U.S. declares war (make the world “safe for
democracy”)
 Selective Service Act 1917
 Draft
 Men fighting were 21 to
23.
 Men (Doughboys)
 Trained 9 months.
 Sent to where fighting
worst.
 Women
 Not drafted.
 Navy accepted for non-combat positions.
 Blacks
 Segregated units.
 John J. Pershing
 Head of American
Expeditionary Force
 Nicknamed “Black Jack”
 Alvin York (conscientious
objector)
 Opposed war on moral grounds.
 Bible, “Thou shalt not kill.”
 Bible, “I bring you not peace
but a sword. . . . He that hath no
sword, let him sell his garment
and buy one.”
 Killed 25 Germans and captured
132.
 Breaking Blockades
 Convoy System
 Merchant ships travel surrounded by
warships.
 Mines
 230 miles of mines put out across North
Sea.
 Goal was to keep U-Boats out of Atlantic
Ocean.
 Secretary of War
 Newton Baker
 Must shift from producing consumer
goods to war supplies.
 War Industries Board (WIB)
 Bernard Baruch
 Eliminate waste by standardization
 War Labor Board
 “Labor will win the war.”
 Stop strikes keep working.
 Food Administration (Herbert Hoover)
 Victory Gardens
 Backyard garden to save canned food.
 Meatless, Porkless, Wheatless, Sweetless
 Do not use product, send excess to troops.
 Fuel Administration
 Monitored coal, rationed gas and heating oil.
 Daylight-saving time
 Take advantage of long summer days.
 Gasless Sundays, Lightless nights
 Promote patriotism & manufacture hate.
 War Bonds (Liberty Loans)
 Government need $44 million per day for war.
 “Only ‘a friend of Germany’ would refuse to buy war
bonds.”
 Trading with Enemy Act
 Postmaster could censor mail going overseas
 Liberty Sandwich (Salisbury Steak)
 “Hamburger” changed because of German ties.
 Orchestra Music
 Refused to play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven.
 Espionage and Sedition Acts
 Could not interfere with draft
 Could not obstruct sale of government bonds
 Could not say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive
about government or war.
 Eugene V. Debs
 10 years for speech on economic cause of war.
 “Big Bill” Haywood
 Urged workers to
strike for better
condition and
higher pay.
 30 years for
sabotaging war
effort.
 African Americans
 Du Bois: African. Am. support for war
lend strength to call for racial justice.
 Trotter: Victims of racism should not
support racist government.
 Medals - Croix de Guerre.
 Henry Johnson & Needham Roberts
 Highest medal of honor

Great Migration
 Blacks move north.
 Racial discrimination
 Cotton ruined by boll weevil
 Ford hires blacks
 Factory workers needed
 Women
 Did jobs of men.
 Helped get support for women’s suffrage.
 Russia gets out
 Bolshevik Revolution forces Russia out
of war.
 V.I. Lenin takes control of Russia
 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
 Russia out
 Germany gets west Russia
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 German Rebellion
 Nov. 3, 1918: German navy ordered to
sea.
 Soldiers refused.
 Rebellion spreads.
 Eleventh hour of the eleventh day, in
the eleventh month of 1918 Germany
surrenders. (Nov. 11, 1918)
 Armistice = truce
 Fourteen Point Plan, 1917
 1-5: No secret treaties, Freedom of seas, Free trade, Reduce
military, Respect colonial interests.
 6-13: Free country can determine own government.
 14th: League of Nations
 Peace keeping group.
 Big Four
 Great Britain: David Lloyd George
 Italy: Vittorio Orlando
 France: Georges Clemenceau
 U.S.: Woodrow Wilson

Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
10 new nations
Alsace-Lorraine given back to France
Reparations of $33 billion placed on Germany.
War-Guilt
–
5.
6.
Germany apologize for war and take sole responsibility for it.
Reduce military.
Japan got German territories in Pacific
 Weaknesses
 Humiliated Germany
 Russian left out of peace talks and gave up more land than
Germany.
 Italy got nothing.
 Treatment of colonial possessions made colonies mad.
 Ignored self-determination of Middle East.
 USA NEVER signs treaty.
 Reasons
 14th Point
 U.S. did not want to be involved in European affairs
(isolationism)
 Wilson suffers from
stroke.
 Edith becomes unofficial
president.
 After Great War
 U.S. very rich
 Europe very poor
 Depression
 Starts 1923 in Europe
 1929 in U.S.
 Hitler takes over the Weimer Republic in Germany to
rebuild Germany