Transcript World War 1

World War 1
Chapter 19
US 2
Mr. McLaughlin
Intro to World War 1
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Intro to World War 1
Militarism
 Alliances
 Nationalism
 Independence
 Assassination
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Intro to WW1
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Militarism: glorification of military strength
Alliances: 1882 Triple Alliance (Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy) 1907 Triple Entente (Great Britain,
France, Russia) entangling countries with one
another
Nationalism: Pride in one’s country, makes nations
competitive
Independence: Many Eastern European
nationalities did not govern their own independent
states, the result is many nationalities living under
one government (Austria-Hungary)
Assassination: Archduke Francis Ferdinand is
killed in Sarajevo June 28, 1914
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
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June 28, 1914, Ferdinand travels to Bosnia
First attempt on his life fails and the remaining
conspirators flee
Later in the day a lone assassin stumbles across
the Archduke and his wife
Gavrilo Princip, 19 year old Serbian shoots and kills
the Archduke and his wife
Princip was a Serbian Nationalist and reported
member of the “The Black Hand”
Austria-Hungary isn’t sure that the Serbian
government was involved, but didn’t wait to find out
before blaming them
Outbreak of War
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Austria-Hungary demands that Serbia allow an
Austrian-led investigation in Serbia or A-H would
attack (Ultimatum)
Serbia (knowing that Russia was an ally) refuses
that ultimatum
Austria-Hungary tells Germany it needs their help
Germany and Russia are now in a standoff over
something that doesn’t involve them
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of
Russia are cousins and try to resolve the issue but
it is too late, the war machine is in motion and the
armies have been mobilized
Outbreak of War
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AH declares war on Serbia
Russia declares war on Germany
Germany quickly declared war on its
neighbor France
Great Britain declared war on Germany
following German invasion of Belgium
All of Europe was at war within a month of a
seemingly minor assassination: The Great
War had begun!
Allied Powers
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France (900,000)
Great Britain
Russia (1.3 Million)
USA (1917)
Italy (after they
betray A-H)
Over 20 more
nations worldwide
Great Britain, A-H, and Italy
had between 250,000 and
500,000 troops each
Central Powers
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Germany (900,000)
Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
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5.
What was the German war plan
called?
What was the first major battle on the
Western Front?
What realization did both sides come
to very quickly once the war began?
What area was known as no-mans
land?
Explain trench warfare.
German War Plan
Schlieffen Plan
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Called for Germany to attack and
defeat France quickly by invading
through unprotected border with
Belgium.
This would avoid a two-front war and
the need to divide it’s forces
German War Plan
Battle of the Marne
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Germany invaded France through
Belgium, a neutral nation, violating
rules of war.
As Germany pushed into France they
were halted at the River Marne 40
miles north of Paris. (Taxicab Brigade)
All sides had expected soft fighting
and a quick end. They were wrong.
The war would be long and hard
fought!
No-Mans Land
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Area of land between enemy trenches
that had been blown up and destroyed.
Usually was full of barbed-wire and
land mines.
Trench Warfare
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Each side would dig out long ditches
where soldiers would stay for
protection. Every so often the enemy
would charge through no-mans land to
attack. They would be fought off with
machine gun fire. Made for very long
and drawn out battles. Each side was
simply trying to outlast the other.
Trench Warfare Video
Battles of Somme
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Germans 5th Army had 1 million troops in
France fighting about 200,000 French
At Somme 60,000 British died in one day
Nearly 1 million die at Somme in 4
months
At Verdun, longest battle of the war,
500,000 dead and another 500,000
wounded.
If you survived…
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Trench conditions were horrendous
Rats, fleas, lice, other vermin
Disease
Flood waters
Bodies of fallen soldiers remained for
days until fighting slowed
New Weapons of War
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Machine Guns
Tanks (protection from machine guns)
Poison Gas (chlorine, mustard)
Submarines (U-Boats)
Airplanes (first “dogfights” and “aces”)
Machine Guns
Tanks
Poison Gas
Submarines (U-Boats)
Airplanes
Zeppelin
US Policy p. 633-634
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5.
What was Wilson’s policy during WW1 in
1915-1916?
Why was it difficult for many Americans to
remain neutral?
What did Germany establish around Britain
in early 1915?
What event on May 7th, 1915 enraged
Americans?
What problem did William Jennings Bryan
have with the American policy of neutrality?
Wilson’s Policy
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Wilson wanted the US to remain neutral. He
used this as a campaign promise in 1916
Elections.
“He kept us out of war” was his slogan.
Although neutral, we continued to trade with
countries at war on both sides.
Allies: $800 million to $3 billion.
Germany: $170 million to $1 million
Why was it difficult for many
Americans to remain neutral?
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30 % of the population was either
immigrants or children of immigrants
who still cared about their heritage.
(German and Irish ancestry primarily)
Most sided with the Allies however,
mostly because of the British. An ally
who we shared a culture and a
language.
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In reaction to British policy of “starving”
Germany by mining the North Sea,
Germany declared a “war zone” around
Britain.
Ships sailing into it would be subject to
attack by U-Boats. Even those who were
NOT belligerents.
Wilson was not happy with Germany and
warned them not to sink US liners and to
cease violating “freedom of the seas”
May 7th, 1915
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German U-Boats sink the Lusitania, a
passenger ship carrying civilians (and
supplies) off the coast of Ireland
128 Americans on board die. 1198
souls lost.
Wilson demanded Germany not sink
civilian ships.
William Jennings Bryan
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Secretary of State Bryan argued that
making demands or ultimatums to
countries at war voided US neutrality
and would lead the U.S. into the
conflict.
He would resign due to his
disagreement with Wilson.
Sussex Pledge
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After the sinking of the Lusitania, Wilson
threatened to cut ties with Germany
Germany wanted to keep the US out of the
war so they agreed to not sink civilian ships,
known as the Sussex Pledge .
Truly, the US was not neutral…we sold
$500 million worth of arms to the Allies
National Defense Act (1916)
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“Preparedness”: policy that U.S.
should prepare in case of war.
Increased troops to 175,000 with a
goal of 223,000 in the Army
National Guard was set at 450,000
Also, $313 million to build up the Navy
Wilson offered a “peace without
victory” but both sides refused
US enters the Great War
page 635-636
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What did Wilson do in response to
Germany resuming Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare?
What was the Zimmerman Note?
What argument did Wilson make to
Congress to persuade them to
declare war?
What was the Selective Service Act?
Wilson’s response?
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He armed merchant ships in the war
zone
Cut diplomatic ties with Germany
5 ships were sunk
Zimmerman Note
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An intercepted message from
Germany to Mexico asking for a
Mexican invasion of the U.S. to distract
them from Europe.
Germany was offering help retaking
New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona in
return.
Wilson goes to Congress 1917
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Wilson asked Congress to declare
war, not because of sub warfare and
the Zimmerman Note, but for the
betterment of the world.
“To make the world safe for
democracy”
“The war to end all wars”
Selective Service Act
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Men 21-30 had to register for the draft,
later changed to 18-45
2.8 million men were drafted
4.8 million served
370,000 African Americans served
10,000 Native Americans
US arrives in Europe
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Training took time. The first A.E.F.
(American Expeditionary forces) troops
arrive in France, June of 1917 under
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
As US troop level rose they built docks,
railroads, and telephone lines to help troops
communicate
American women worked hospitals
US ships used a convoy system to cross the
Atlantic and not one life was lost at sea
Russian Revolution 1917
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Russia had been badly beaten by Germany on the
Eastern Front
Workers in Petrograd protested the excessive
waste being used for war
Workers could not afford food causing Bread riots,
and demanded the war end
Czar is overthrown, a provisional government is
established
The new Provisional Government makes the
mistake of continuing the war, angering the people
of Russia
Russia Continued
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The Bolsheviks (Communists) led by VIadimir Lenin
seized power in Russia from the Provisional Govt.
A treaty was signed with Germany and Russia was
out of the war by March 1918. Russia gave up land.
(Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
Russia is out of the Great War but would remain in
Civil War for four years
White Army (supported by the allies) wants to
restore the Czar and the Red Army (supported by
Germany) wants Communism to succeed
Communists take over Russia and control all major
industry from banks, mines, railroads, and farms.
VIadimir Lenin
The Bolsheviks
The Last German Offensive
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With Russia done the German’s
focused on the Western Front
1 million German troops launched a
major offensive 1918
The introduction of US troops was the
difference. The Allies pushed the
Germans back.
Allied Victory
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American troops had given much
needed boost to the Allied forces
By late 1918 the Allies began to push
the Germans back
Germany was losing its occupied
territories in France and the German
Army and Navy could see that defeat
was close
Armistice!
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By October 1918, Germany had broken into
riots and troops were refusing to listen to
orders
The Kaiser fled Germany to the Netherlands
Armistice Day: November 11, 1918 the
cease fire goes into effect…on the 11th hour
the 11th day of the 11th month the war was
officially over!
London, England
Wilson’s 14 Points
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What is self determination?
What were the keys to Wilson’s
program?
What was the US and European
reactions?
Paris Peace Conference
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Who were the Big Four?
What countries were either created or
re-established thanks to the Treaty of
Versailles?
What penalties were placed on
Germany?
What was the purpose of the League
of Nations?
Treaty Of Versailles
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Officially ends WW1
Divides German colonies and Ottoman
Empire
Germany loses Alsace-Lorraine to France
(major industrial center)
Germany had to disarm, no military
Germany had to pay war reparations to
victorious countries and take fault for
causing the war
Paris Peace Conference
“The Big Four”
The US after the War
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Wilson came home to resistance to the Treaty
(thought it was far too harsh)
Wilson went out on a speaking tour to promote the
League of Nations and his plans. The stress
weakened WW and he had a stroke
Following his stroke he was not an effective
President (His wife Edith restricted access)
The Treaty of Versailles was never ratified by the
US Senate. The League of Nations was established
without the US as a member
League of Nations
Lasting Effect of the Great War
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Up to 10 million dead, 21+ million wounded
Most of Europe was in ruins
Food Shortages plagued war torn countries
Middle East was divided between French
and British mandates
Britain declared its support for a Jewish
homeland in Palestine (problems to come)
Ruins of Chateau Thierry
Damaged mill at Courcelles, France
Verdun, France
Paris, France
Discussion Point
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What would it be like to live in Europe
after the war?
What obstacles do you think the
people of France and Europe faced
after the war?