Transcript AMH 2022 LSSC ch. 19

AMH 2022 LSSC
Chapter 19
Foreign Policy
 After Spanish American War – U.S. an international player
 New direction for U.S. policy
 U.S. had a good navy
 International business
 Vested interest in foreign affairs
Panama Canal
Panama Canal
 Important for U.S. defense
 Needed an easier way to get from coast to coast
 1903 U.S helped Panama gain independence
 U.S. got 10 mile wide “canal zone”
 Cost 375 million
 Agreed to pay “rent”
 Thousands died during the construction
Roosevelt Corollary
TR’s contribution to the Monroe Doctrine
 Debt collection became an issue for Latin America
 European countries began “collecting” debts
 U.S. new policy
 If country can’t pay, U.S. will intervene
 Dominican Republic
 Mexico
 Venezuela
 Cuba
 Panama
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
 Haiti
Dollar Diplomacy
 Taft solution to European interference
 Lend American dollars to Latin American countries
 Benefitted U.S. Banks
 Benefitted U.S. diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy
 Wilson ideal for foreign policy
 Help world on path to democracy
 Wilson Secretary or State was William Jennings Bryan
 Wilson nor Bryan had any foreign experience
 Deeply religious
 Preferred loyalty over experience
 Disliked the imperialist ambitions of TR
President Wilson and V.P. Bryan
Civil War in Mexico
 Deep social and economic problems
 Hacienda policy kept millions in poverty
 Porfirio Diaz overthrown by Francisco Madero
 Madero unsuccessful
 Overthrown and killed
U.S. intervenes in Mexico
-supports Venustiano Carranza
Francisco Madero
U.S. in Mexico
 Send weapons and support to Carranza
 Send USS Dolphin to Tampico
 Causes international incident
 U.S. begins to shell Veracruz
U.S. and Mexico mediate the dispute
-Carranza becomes president
-Civil War continues
Venustiano Carranza
Poncho Villa
 A peasant revolutionary
 Invades U.S. border towns
 Kidnaps and kills Americans
 Wilson responds
 Sends troops to Mexico
General “Black jack” Pershing
 Pursues Villa
 Bloody skirmishes
 Villagers killed
 Carranza withdrew consent
 Never catches Villa
U.S. unsuccessful in Mexico
 Problems in Mexico are deep
 Ethnic, class, and racial issues
 Democratic ideals not easily implemented
Road to War
The Great War
“War to End all Wars”
Rise of Nationalism
 France
 Germany
 Russia
 England
• “Sweet and fitting to die for one’s country”
• Aristocratic “gentlemen” would command these armies
Balkans
Alliances
Serbia
-wanted to liberate Serbs in Austro-Hungary
Austria-Hungary- an ally of Germany
France-allied with Russia
Russia sympathetic to Serbia
Great Britain- worried about German navy
Austria-Hungary
 Ruled by Franz Josef
 84 years old
 Heir was Francis Ferdinand
 Inspector General of the Army
 Went to Sarejevo to observe army
Franz Josef
Francis Ferdinand
Black Hand
 Serbian nationalist
movement
 Attack the archduke
 Gavrilo Princip
Francis and Sophia
June 28, 1914
Sarejevo
 Francis and Sophia attacked
 Black Hand attacks in am
 Failed attempt
 Some injuries
Later that day Gavril Princip murders Sophia and Franz
Austria-Hungary is outraged
 Seek to punish Serbia
 Offer ultimatum
 Germany pledges support to A-H
 Russia upset by ultimatum, supports Serbia
 France and Britain also support Russia
July 28,1914 Austria declares war on Serbia
War
July 28, 1914 – Austria declares war on Serbia
August 1,1914 – Germany declares war on Russia
August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on France
August 4, 1914 - Britain declares war on Germany
Outbreak of War
Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
 Russia
 Austria-Hungary
 France
 Germany
 England
Causes of War
 Rise of Nationalism
 Complicated system of alliances
 Militarist governments
German War Plan
 Developed by General Alfred von Schlieffen
 Germany would attack through Belgium
 Quickly get to Paris
 Did not count on a Second Front
General Helmut von Moltke
-put the von Schlieffen plan into practice
-not a big fan of war plan
Map of von Schlieffen plan
General von Schlieffen
France War Plan
 Expected attack to come from Lorraine
 Planned to rush at German’s
 French “elan” would win
 French General Joffre would command
Alliances of World War I
Entente
Alliance
 France
 Germany
 Great Britain
 Austria-Hungary
 Japan
 Ottoman Empire
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Russia
 Italy
Woodrow Wilson
 Declares Neutrality
-Wife dies (August 1914)
 Some Americans supported Germany
 Most Americans supported Great Britain
American companies
 Profited from trade with both sides
 1914-1916
 800 million – 2 billion in trade
 Britain began to pressure U.S.
 Trade only with British/French
 Compensated U.S. companies
Unterseeboote- “U-Boats”
 Germany launches U-Boats
 Attack shipments coming into Britain
 No way to distinguish neutral and enemy ships
German U-boats
Lusitania
Sinking of the Lusitania
 May 7, 1915 passenger ship sunk
-18 minutes to sink
 Killed 1200 passengers
 128 Americans
 Some wanted war, others wanted diplomacy
Evidence suggests was carrying munitions to G.B.
Propaganda poster
Continuing Submarine Warfare
 Germany continues to use U-Boats
United States issues ultimatum to Germany
“End use of submarine warfare, Or ELSE!!!”
Germany did not want U.S. to enter war
-agree to limit warfare
Election of 1916
 War a big issue
 Wilson had kept U.S. out of war
 But had increased war production
 Doubled army
 Increased naval capacity
Republicans viewed as party of war
-Teddy Roosevelt very pro-war
Election of 1916
Post-Election
 Close election
 Wilson can now focus on peace
 Urges both sides to negotiate
 Peace unlikely
-Total war meant total victory
Wilson soon drawn into war
Developments in Europe
 Germany declares unrestricted warfare
 U.S. severs diplomatic relations with Germany
 Telegram insights Americans
 Intercepted telegram exposes German plans
Zimmerman Telegram
 Secret telegram from Germany to Mexico
 Germany tempts Mexico into war with U.S.
 Promises TX, NM, and AZ
 Wilson releases to public
 outrage
U.S road to war
 February 25, 1917 Zimmerman Telegram
 March 12, 1917 Algonquin torpedoed
 American merchant ship
 March 15, 1917 Russian revolution
 Good news for Germans
April, 1917
 Wilson urges congress to declare war
April 6, 1917
War resolution passes Congress
-U.S. now at war
The Horror of War
Stalemate on the Western Front
 Trench warfare
 Rats, flooding, constant mud
 Barbed wire
 No man’s land
 Mustard/nerve gas
 Machine gun
 “Shell shock” in high numbers
German trench
Trench
Barbed wire
Over the top
Mustard Gas
Gas masks
Mobilization in the U.S.
 Peace economy
war economy
 War was a bloody stalemate
 Wilson wanted to send 1 million men
 1917 Passed selective service act
Recruits
 24 million men signed up
 Women became important to fill clerical jobs
 Immigrants often trained as a unit
Camp Gordon, Georgia
General John “Black Jack” Pershing
 Had experience chasing Poncho Villa
 Turned a peace time army to war time
 May 1918, first action for American expeditionary
Second Battle of Marne
 First major battle U.S. was involved
 Last German offensive of the war
 Allied generals finally learning
 Changed tactics
End of War
 September 9, 1918
 Germany had withdrawn to Hindenburg line
 Central Powers in trouble
 German people starving
 Ottomans and Austro-Hungarians collapsing
Front line fall 1918
Armistice agreements
 Sept. 29, 1918 - Bulgaria signs
 Oct. 30, 1918 – Ottomans sign
 Austro-Hungarian empire collapses
 November 3, 1918 – Austria signs
 Revolt in Germany
 Kaiser Wilhelm II escapes to Netherlands
 Nov. 11, 1918 - Germany signs
November 11, 1918
11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month
Great War is over
End of:
German Empire
Russian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Ottoman Empire
War at Home
 Committee on Public Information
 “sell the war” to the public
 Hired “yellow” journalists
 Organized “loyalty leagues”
 In some places, crime to speak German in public
1917 Espionage Act
 Obstructing any military operation
-Aiding enemy
-Mailing treasonous material
Strict penalties
1918 Sedition Act
 Outlawed “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language
about the form of government in the United States, the
Constitution, the flag, or the uniforms of the army and navy.”
 1,500 Americans arrested
 Denouncing the draft
 Criticizing the Red Cross
 Complaining about taxes
Opponents of the War
 Labor and Socialist movements
 Industrial Workers of the World
 113 members arrested
 Union destroyed
 Socialists opposed “capitalist” war
 Eugene Debs arrested for anti-war speech
 Sentenced to 10 years
Supreme Court upheld all these laws
Financing the War
 Cost of war
 $32 billion dollars
 Liberty bonds sold
 Income tax raised
War Industrial Board
 Helped shift manufacturing to war industry
 Set production schedules
 Allocated resources
 Standardized procedures
 Coordinated gov’t. contracts
 Guaranteed a profit
 Lever Act
 Food adminstration
 Coordinate food production
 Headed by Herbert Hoover
Victory Garden Poster
Organizing Industry for War
 Fuel administration
 Railroad administration
 Daylight savings
 Doubled government employees
Labor in the war
 Gov’t. contracts guaranteed wages
 National War Labor Board
 Arbitrated 1,000 strikes
 Benefitted workers
 Samuel Gompers
 President of AFL
 Aided government
Women
 Working in large numbers
 Traditional and non-traditional jobs
 After war, quickly left workforce
Women in wartime work
Great Migration
 War triggered internal migration
 European immigration stopped
 Factories needed workers
 Mexican immigration rose
 Southern blacks moved north
African American Contributions
 Served with distinction
 200,000 served, 43,000 saw combat
 3 regiments earned Croix de Guerre
 Lynching continued in U.S.
 Increased after war
Peace negotiations at Versailles
 Remap much of the world
 50 million dead or maimed
 Starvation, disease killed another 6 million
 Revolution among former Empires
Old World order gone, Time to figure out New World Order
Big Four at Paris Peace Conference
 Great Britain- David Lloyd George
 France – Georges Clemenceau
 Italy –Vittorio Orlando
 United States – Woodrow Wilson
Big Four
Challenges to Peace
 Britain and France wanted Germany crushed
 War guilt
 $33 billion reparation to Germany
 Banned from re-army
 Germany divided
 Wilson wanted a less punitive plan
 Fourteen Point Plan
Map of Europe post World War I
Countries now “free”
 Yugoslavia
 Hungary
 Austria
 France and Great Britain controlled vast areas
 Mandates
 Japan took German colonies in East
Wilson and his post war plan
 Unable to secure many of his proposals
 Did get League of Nations
 future conflicts settled through negotiation
 After treaty was written, took to U.S. government
 Refused to sign
 Republicans felt snubbed
 Several attempts to appease, no luck
July 1921- Congress finally vote to end war
-Never adopt the League of Nations
- never adopt the Treaty of Versailles
Trouble at home
Women and Suffrage
 Wanted universal suffrage
 Progress at the state level
 “purify” politics
Violent protest
 Some women were
extreme
 Hunger strikes
 Force fed
Nineteenth Amendment
 Adopted in 1920
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”
Prohibition
 Often supported by women’s groups
 Outlaw the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
intoxicating liquors
Prohibition
 Prohibition Bureau
 Part of Justice Department
 Underfunded
 Corruption a problem
 Unpopular law
 “bootlegging” became lucrative
Police Raid
Speak Easy
Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith
 NYC agents
 Arrested 4,392
 Confiscated 5 million
bottles of liquor
Ways around Prohibition
“Rum Running”
 Along the Atlantic coast
 Fortunes were made
Eugenics
 Pseudo science
 Favored white protestants
Eugenics rally on Wall Street
Race and the Whitehouse
 Roosevelt shocked by reaction to dinner with Booker T.
Washington
 Politically dangerous territory
 Does not push this issue
Dinner at the Whitehouse
 TDR invites Booker T.
Washington to dinner
 “Shock waves” around the
country
Wilson and race
W.E.B. DuBois
 Opposed views of
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Washington
Ph.d from Harvard
Studied Sociology
Founder of NAACP
The Soul of Black Folk
1960 moved to Ghana
Niagara Movement
 Led by W.E.B. DuBois
 Combat Jim Crow laws
 Equal treatment
 End Discrimination
Red Scare
 Russian revolution worried many
 Mobs broke up Communist/Socialist rallies
 Strikes were viewed as “Bolshevik revolution”
 No real worry
 Socialism declined during World War I
Anarchists
 Domestic terrorists
 Sent bombs to well-known men
 Attorney General of U.S. aggressively pursued
 Aliens were shipped to Russia
“Soviet Ark”
Communist round-up
 Thousands apprehended
 Due process ignored
 Vigilante justice permitted
Eventually, civil liberties are re-asserted
Immigration Restrictions
 Laws limited immigration
 1921 - Quota system
 1924 – National Origins Quota Act
 Limited immigration from Europe
 Tried to limit Italian, Greek, and Poles
 Banned Asian immigrants