Transcript Ch20- World War I

WORLD WAR I
WORLD WAR I
For homework tonight…
Create a title page for World War I
Tensions High in Europe
• Nationalism
– different ethnic groups demanding self rule (Serbs, Croats,
Czechs) too much foreign rule
– fervently devoted to interests of own nations
• Imperialism
– colonial competition for power
• Militarism
– preparing for war, military build up
– 1870-1914 military spending in Europe increased 300%
• Rival Alliances
– Triple Alliance - Germany’s attempt to isolate France
» Germany, Austria-Hungary
– Triple Entente - France’s response
» France, Great Britain, Russia
Assassination
• Archduke Franz
Ferdinand - June 28,
1914
• Gavrilo Princip Serbian nationalist
• Austria-Hungary
declared war on Serbia
- July 28, 1914
American Neutrality
• Why Neutral?
– Economy
• $700 million GNP 1898
• $3.5 billion in 1914
• President Woodrow
Wilson
– 1st three years of WWI--GNP increased 7x
• Public Opinion?
– 92 mil population
• 30 mil immigrants
– Who’s for Allied Powers
– Who’s for Central Powers
• Germans/Austrians, Irish,
American Jews
1.
Homework
Evocative imagery
Catchy, emotional
2.
slogan
3.
Product
4.
Choose and paste into the left
side of your notebook an
example of a newspaper or
magazine article
advertisement that you find
you find effective
Write below the ad what you
think is the objective that the
ad is designed to achieve.
Use arrows to annotate the
ad and indicate the tools –
such as humor, celebrity
endorsement, emotional
images, and language – the
advertiser uses to achieve
that objective
Explain how the creator uses
each tool to catch your
attention
The Trenches
Trench Warfare
• Size and strength of
militaries were equal
• New Technologies
– Big Bertha, flame thrower,
hand grenades, tanks, chemical
weapons etc.
• Stalemate
• Trench Warfare
–
–
–
–
living conditions
trench foot
over the top
no man’s land
The Technology of War
The Technology of War
The Technology of War
The Technology of War
On the left side of your notes, create a journal
that records your experiences during today’s
activity. Write “Private (name) World War I
Trench Warfare Journal”.
Private Jeff Imperial’s World War I
Trench Warfare Journal
I’m afraid of how I will react if the trench is attacked by
the enemy. I hope I will respond with courage.
My head is aching. I have not been able to sleep for three
days with this constant shelling. When will it end.
I pray that my gas mask works. One time I saw a soldier
whose mask failed. He looked like the fish my father and I
used to pull out of the ocean, big bulging eyes, gasping for
air. Please God, don’t let that happen to me.
Most of the guys hate the rats that infest our trench, but
I find them entertaining. It relieves the boredom at least to
invent ways to catch them.
My “trench buddies” and I. I
hope we make it out of this
alive.
Homework
• Assume the role of a world War I soldier to
create a one (full) page letter describing
your experiences in the trenches to a friend
or family member back home. You must
include:
– a date, a proper salutation, and the following
descriptions:
» fear and anticipation you felt in the trenches
» your living conditions and daily life
» the methods you used to keep up your morale
Causes of US Entering the War
• Unterseeboot - U-Boats
– Germany violates
international law
p. 571
– went undetected and
attacked without
warning
– Wilson issued two
warnings about cutting
off diplomatic relations
with Germany
– British used
propaganda in US
• Lusitania
– British liner carrying
weapons
– 128 Americans on board
perished
– Sussex Pledge
• Germans promised that Uboats would warn ships
before attacking
• Zimmerman Telegram
– From: Artur Von
Zimmerman To: German
Ambassador in Mexico
• Russian Revolution - if US
entered war they did not
want to support a czar or
king - 1917
• Events and contributing factors that led the U.S. into the
war were
• The United States strong pro-English leanings,
• Wilson's belief in democracy as the most humane and
Christian form of government,
• American investments in Allied countries,
• The interception of the Zimmerman telegram-which revealed
Germany's attempt to bring Mexico into the war on their side,
• Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, which cost the
United States heavily in lives and goods
• The necessity of keeping the trade doors open for the
economic survival of the United States, and primarily,
• Wilson's fear of a German victory, a victory which would
mean the domination and conquest of countries that would
bring an end to all of Wilson's dreams of peace and
democracy.
Supplying the Allies
• The American entry into the war made an
immediate difference. 
• The United States Navy helped the British find
and destroy German submarines. 
• Convoys–teams–of navy destroyers escorted
groups of merchant ships across the Atlantic,
reducing Allied shipping losses from 900,000 to
300,000 tons a month.
Russian Withdrawal
• In November 1917, the Bolsheviks, a group of
communists, overthrew the democratic Russian
government. 
• Led by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks wanted to
end Russia’s participation in the war. 
• In March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was
signed with Germany, surrendering territory to the
Germans. 
• The Germans were able to move troops from the
Eastern Front–line of battle–to the Western Front
in France.
German Offensive
• The Germans now launched a powerful offensive
against the Allies, pushing them back to within
50 miles of Paris. 
• It suddenly looked as if Germany might win the
war.
• Although the first American soldiers had
reached France in June 1917, many months
passed before they were ready for battle. 
• When they finally began to fight, the Americans
helped turn the war around.
American Expeditionary Force
• General John J. Pershing
led the American troops in
Europe, the American
Expeditionary Force
(AEF). 
• The AEF reached full
strength in Europe in the
spring of 1918. 
• The French and British
wanted to use the
American soldiers to build
up their own troops, but
General Pershing
preferred to keep the AEF
a separate force.
Americans in Action
• The American Expeditionary Force helped turn back a
German offensive at Château-Thierry on the Marne
River and then advanced to nearby Belleau Wood.
• By the middle of July, the Allies had stopped the German
offensive and began an offensive of their own.
• In mid-September 550,000 American troops defeated the
Germans at Saint Mihiel, east of Verdun.
• Then, American troops joined the Allies in the Battle of
the Argonne Forest, which raged for nearly seven weeks.
• In early November, the Allies finally pushed back the
Germans and broke through the enemy lines.
Section 3-4a
Section 3-4b
Section 5-3a
Section 4-8a
Americans on the European Front
How did American troops help the Allies win the war?
Women
serve as
3 million
drivers,
Americans
nurses, and Americans join
served with
clerks
the Allied
African
American
counterattack
Expeditionary American 369th
against
Infantry
Force
Germans,
Regiment fights
forcing
for the French
Germany’s
Army. Entire
American
surrender
in
regiment
troops help
1918
awarded
save Paris from
France’s highest
German attack
combat medal
Controlling Public Opinion
• Many Americans were opposed to the war. 
– Some German Americans and Irish Americans
sympathized with the Central Powers.
– Many socialists–people who believe industries
should be publicly owned–and pacifists–people
opposed to the use of violence–opposed the war.
– Some of the strongest antiwar sentiment came
from women’s groups such as the Women’s Peace
Party.
Controlling Public Sentiment
• In 1917 Congress passed the Espionage Act,
which provided stiff penalties for espionage–
spying–as well as for aiding the enemy or
interfering with army recruiting. 
• The Sabotage and the Sedition Acts of 1918
made it a crime to say, print, or write almost
anything perceived as negative about the
government. 
• Such actions would be considered sabotage–
secret action to damage the war effort.
On the Home Front
To strengthen the war effort, the American government expanded its
control over the economy and brought changes to American society.
Committee on
Public Education
Rallies popular support
for the war with films,
posters, and pamphlets
Literacy Test for
Immigrants
Law passed forcing
immigrants to prove
they can read before
entering the country.
Led to Anti-German
feelings
Daylight Savings
Time
Price Controls
ENFORCING
LOYALTY
Rationing
The Sedition Act
of 1918
Makes it illegal to make
“disloyal” statements
about the U.S.
government or military
Espionage Act of
1917
Passed in response to
fears that German secret
agents might try to
weaken American war
effort. Act makes it
illegal to interfere with
the draft
Wilson’s 14 Points
• As the world was ready to punish Germany,
the US called for a peaceful solution
• 14 points summarized
–
–
–
–
–
end secret agreements
freedom of seas, trade, limit on arms
peaceful settle of disputes over colonies
national self-determination
14th point - “general association of nations” that
would ensure the security and peace for all
nations --- League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference
Big Four - US, Britain, France, Italy
• Revenge
– European nations wanted reparations to penalize
Germany - majority of war was fought on French soil
– Self Determination was lost as European nations
carved up a new map
• Versailles Treaty
–
–
–
–
Germany takes full credit for the war
disarm completely
pay reparations
German colonies divided up between the Allies
The Treaty at Home
• Wilson’s Successes
– Self Determination
– League of Nations
• The Senate and the Treaty
– Senate would not ratify the treaty
– too soft on Allies, too hard on Germany
– opposed League of Nations - Isolation?
• Post War Adjustments
– Jobs?
– Women
– African Americans?
Section 5-10a
Global Peacemaker
Wilson’s plan met opposition at home and in Europe
American economy slows as wartime
production ends
UNITED
STATES
AFTER
THE
WAR
Returning troops face difficult adjustment
to civilian society
Many women and minority workers faced
with loss of jobs as men return to
workforce
Despite contribution to war effort, returning
African American troops continue to face
discrimination and segregation
Death and destruction of war leads to
feeling of gloom among Americans