Transcript United States History Chapter 19

United States History
Chapter 19
Higher Order Thinking Skills
Homework
1.
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Identify the long-term causes and the
immediate circumstances that led to
World War I.
What caused World War I?
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What alliances divided Europe in 1914?
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Too much emphasis on imperialism, nationalism, and
militarism.
Triple Entente (The Allies): Great Britain, France, and
Russia (later joined by the United States)
Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, AustriaHungary, the Ottoman Empire
Italy began the War with the Triple Alliance (Central
Powers) and ended with the Triple Entente (Allies)
What diplomatic crisis sparked the war?
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The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princeps (a member of the
Black Hand, a Serbian Nationalist group)
2. Describe the first two years
of the war.
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What was Germany’s Schlieffen Plan?
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A plan devised by the Germans prior to the
outbreak of World War I.
It detailed how Germany would respond to any
outbreak of war and use it as an opportunity to
conquer Europe.
What characteristics describe trench
warfare during World War I?
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Long, prolonged Battles with heavy losses on
both sides resulting in a stalemate (nobody
winning or losing).
3.
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Summarize U.S. public opinion
about the war.
What motivated those who opposed U.S. entry into World
War I?
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What motivated those who favored U.S. entry into World War
I?
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Most Americans believed that since the war was 3000 miles
away and did not seem to threaten American lives, property, or
interests then the U.S. should remain neutral.
The Allies were our chief trading partners
We shared a common ancestry, language, and similar
governing institutions with Great Britain.
What factors increased American sympathy for the Allies?
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The Germans had rampaged through neutral Belgium and
stories of German atrocities horrified Americans causing
sympathy toward the Allies.
Some British Propaganda proved to be false, but enough was
true to turn many Americans against Germany.
4.
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Explain why the United States
entered the war.
Why did the German threat to sink all ships
in British waters push the United States to
declare war?
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America has long cherished the ideal of “Freedom
of the Seas” as a key part of our foreign policy.
The German threat to sink all shipping in British
waters – Combatant and Neutral – was a direct
threat to U.S. interests.
What did the Zimmerman Note reveal
about Germany’s plans?
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They intended to seek an alliance with Mexico in
the event that the U.S. declared war on Germany.
5.
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Describe how the United States
mobilized for war.
How did the United States raise an army
during World War I?
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The Selective Service Act established the Draft.
How did the United States increase ship
production?
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Exempted shipyard workers from the draft.
Launched a public relations campaign to
emphasize the importance of shipyard work.
Implemented pre-fabrication techniques, the ships
would be assembled from pre-fabricated parts
speeding up the building process.
The government took over commercial and private
ships for use in the Transatlantic war.
6.
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Summarize U.S. battlefield
successes.
What was the significance of the Convoy
System?
 It dramatically cut Allied shipping
losses at the hands of German UBoats on the Atlantic Ocean.
How did the arrival of new American troops
affect the spirit of Allied troops?
 They brought a renewed freshness
and enthusiasm to the fight.
7.
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Identify the new weapons and the medical
problems faced in World War I.
Who led the American troops in Europe?
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What new weapons were used during World War I?
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John J. “Black Jack” Pershing
Tanks
Airplanes
Machine Guns
Barbed Wire
Chemical Weapons
How did medical services respond to the physical and
emotional wounds suffered by soldiers?
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Many soldiers were diagnosed with War Neurosis (shell
shock), what we call Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.
Doctors made advances in fighting infections, postsurgical rehabilitation, and skin-grafting technologies.
8.
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Describe U.S. offensives and the
end of the war.
In what important battles did U.S. soldiers fight?
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What made Alvin York a hero?
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He single-handedly captured 132 German soldiers and killed
25.
What caused the collapse of Germany?
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Chatteau-Thierry
Belleau Woods
2nd Battle of the Marne
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
A mutiny within the Navy spread across Germany,
Revolutionary Councils were set up, the Kaiser abdicated his
throne and Socialists formed the German Republic.
How many people died during World War I?
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Nearly 22 Million people died (roughly half were civilians),
another 20 Million were wounded (many suffering amputations
and permanently crippled).
9.
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Explain how business and government
cooperated during the war.
Why was the War Industries Board established?
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Set production quotas and allocated raw materials
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Fostered greater efficiency in production and cut waste.
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Encouraged the implementation of mass production
techniques.
How did the war affect the U.S. economy?
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Wealthy Capitalists saw their profits from investments
skyrocket.
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Although the average citizens income rose dramatically,
so did the price of food and other essentials.
How did U.S. civilians respond to the war?
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“Gospel of the Clean Plate”
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“Sweetless, Meatless, and Wheatless”
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“Victory Gardens”
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Americans sacrificed by ration food and other products
vital to the war effort.
10. Show how the government
promoted the war.
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How did the government finance the war?
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Increasing taxes, implementation of the Graduated
Income Tax
Sale of War Bonds.
How did the government build support for
the war?
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George Creel was named head of the Committee
on Public Information
He organized a massive nation-wide
advertisement campaign to get the American
people solidly behind the war effort.
11. Describe the attacks on civil
liberties that occurred.
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What groups were the main targets of antiimmigrant hysteria during the war?
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Immigrants who had come from Germany or
Austria-Hungary, especially the German
immigrants.
How did the Espionage and Sedition Acts
affect civil liberties in the United States?
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The U.S. government severely restricted citizen’s
rights to freedom of speech
This was upheld as a military necessity by
Schenck v. United States
12. Summarize the social changes that
affected African Americans and
women.
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What was the Great Migration?
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What new opportunities did the war offer to
women?
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The mass movement of African Americans to the
Northern cities seeking employment in wartime
factories and seeking to escape Jim Crow segregation.
Many were able to work in jobs that had once been
exclusively held by men.
Others worked to sell war bonds, volunteered with the
Red Cross, and worked as nurses for the military.
What were the effects of the worldwide flu
epidemic that erupted during the war?
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It is speculated that the flu epidemic killed as many as
30 Million people.
13. Summarize Wilson’s Fourteen
Points.
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What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?
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His goals for a post-war peace among equals.
They included arms reductions, boundary
changes in Europe, and the formation of a League
of Nations to promote world peace.
Why did the Allies reject Wilson’s peace
plan?
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Because Great Britain and France were bent on
punishing and humiliating Germany to make sure
that they would not be a threat in the future.
14.
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Describe the Treaty of Versailles and
international and domestic reaction to it.
What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?
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Nine new nations were created
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Germany was barred from maintaining an army
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Germany was required to turn over land to France
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Germany was required to pay war reparations ($33 Billion) to the Allies
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Germany was forced to sign a “War-Guilt” Clause
What were some weaknesses of the Treaty?
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Germany’s humiliation only gave rise to radicals fueled by hostility
(Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party), which damaged the Treaty’s ability to
maintain a lasting peace.
How did Americans react to the Treaty?
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Some viewed the Treaty as too harsh, possibly destructive of the
European economy.
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Others thought it to be imperialist
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Others were dissatisfied with the boundary changes
Why did Americans disagree about the League of Nations?
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Americans had shifted toward favoring a foreign policy based on
Isolationism.
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Many did not want to commit to an organization that could usurp
American autonomy over its own foreign policy.
15. Explain some of the
consequences of the war.
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Why did Germany object to the Treaty of Versailles?
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Germany objected to taking blame for a war that,
although their militarism had played a role in starting,
was started by the diplomatic problems of other
European nations.
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Germany also understood very clearly that there was no
way they could pay back the $33 Billion in reparations.
How did the war affect Germany?
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Germany sunk into a deep economic depression that
created an unstable political atmosphere. The result
was the ascent of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to
power.
How did the war affect U.S. power and prestige in the world?
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World War I strengthened the power of both the U.S.
Military and the U.S. Government.