Transcript The World At War

The World At War
1900-1945
World War I
Long-Term Causes (MAIN)
• Militarism- leads to large standing armies
• Alliances- divides Europe
• Imperialism- deepens rivalries
• Nationalism- increases competition
World War I
Immediate Causes
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(1914) – Austria declares war on Serbia
• Alliance system requires nations to support
allies
World War I
Immediate Effects
• Generation of Europeans killed or wounded
• Dynasties fall in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
Russia
• New countries created
• League of Nations established
World War I
Long-Term Effects
• Nations feel bitter and betrayed by the peace
settlements- especially Germany
• Forces that helped cause the war
(nationalism, competition) remain
World War I
• First total war- resources
and people mobilized at
an unprecedented rate
• Characterized by:
– Trench warfare
– Modern weapons
(machine guns, tanks, gas)
– Stalemate
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations:
• International peace
organization
• Germany and Russia not
included
Treaty of Versailles
Territorial Losses:
• Germany surrenders
lands in Europe and
colonies in Africa and
Pacific
Treaty of Versailles
Military Restrictions:
• Limits on size of German
army
• Germany forbidden from
building or buying war
materials
Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt:
• Sole responsibility for
the war placed on
Germany
• Germany forced to pay
Allies $33 billion in
reparations
Revolutionary Leaders
Who: Lenin
Country: Russia
When: late 1890s-1924
Goal: Promote a worldwide Communist
revolution led by workers
Revolutionary Leaders
Who: Stalin
Country: Russia
When: early 1900s-1953
Goal: Perfect a Communist
state in Russia through
totalitarian rule
Revolutionary Leaders
Who: Mao Zedong
Country: China
When: early 1900s-1976
Goal: Stage a Communist
revolution in China led by
peasants
Revolutionary Leaders
Who: Gandhi
Country: India
When: late 1800s-1948
Goal: Achieve Indian selfrule through campaigns of
civil disobedience
Totalitarianism
A government that takes total, centralized,
state control over every aspect of public and
private life
Totalitarian leaders in the 20th
Century
• Adolf Hitler (Germany)
• Benito Mussolini (Italy)
• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
• Kim Il Sung (North Korea)
• Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
The Great Depression
Long-Term Causes:
• World economies are connected
• War debts from WWI
• Europe relies on American loans and investments
• Prosperity is built on borrowed money
• Wealth is unequally distributed
The Great Depression
Immediate Causes:
• U.S. stock market crashes
• Banks demand repayment of loans
• Farms fail and factories close
• Americans reduce foreign trade to protect economy
• Americans stop loans to foreign countries
• American banking system fails
The Great Depression
Immediate Effects:
• Millions unemployed worldwide
• Businesses go bankrupt
• Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy
• Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders
The Great Depression
Long-term Effects:
• Nazis take control in Germany
• Fascists come to power in other countries
• Democracies try social welfare programs
• Japan expands in East Asia
• World War II breaks out
World War II
Allies Foreign Policy:
Appeasement
U.S. Foreign Policy:
Isolationism
Event that results in war:
Germany invasion of
Poland
Theatres of the War
• Location: Europe
– Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad
• Location: Pacific
– Turning point: Battle of Midway
• Location: Africa
– Turning point: Battle of Al Alamein
Victory
• Europe:
– D-Day Invasion- May 1944- provides Allies with
momentum to end the war
– Hitler commits suicide
• Japan:
– Bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima- August
1945- forces the Japanese surrender