Transcript The-Great

Bell Work
Monday 5/12
Look in your book beginning on page 841
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What were the three forces in Europe that
helped set the stage for war?
• 2. Who were the members of the Triple
Alliance and Triple Entente?
• 3. What single event set the stage for WWI?
The Great War
Chapter 29
Section 1-Marching Towards War
Rising Tensions in Europe
• The Rise of Nationalism– Nationalism-A deep devotion to one’s
own nation
• It can serve as a unifying force or the
catalyst for fierce competition among
others
– Ex. By the turn of the 20th century Great
Britain, Germany, Russia, Italy, France and
the Austria-Hungarian empire were engaged in
a fierce rivalry
• Militarism-The policy of glorifying
military power and keeping an army
prepared for war
Tangled Alliances
• Triple Alliance-Alliance
between Germany, AustriaHungary and Italy whose
goal was to isolate France
– Otto von Bismarck felt that
“As long as it is without
allies, France poses no danger
to us (Triple Alliance)”
Tangled Alliances
• Triple Entente-Britain’s
alliance with France and Russia
– Did not mean that Britain would
fight with them but it did ensure
they would not fight against them
• By 1907 the Triple Alliance and
Triple Entente were the
strongest powers in Europe and
would soon lead them into war
Crisis in the Balkans
• In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia
and Herzegovina thus creating tension in
the region
• June 28th, 1914 Gavrilo Princip
assassinated the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
and his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
– Princip was Serbian so the Austrians sought to
punish Serbia
• Harsh demands were placed on Serbia
• Russia soon sided with Serbia and soon the
rest of Europe began to take sides as well
Bell Work
Tuesday 5/13
Look in your book beginning on page 845
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. Which countries comprised the Central
Powers? Which countries comprised the
Allies?
• 2. What were the characteristics of trench
warfare?
• 3. What factors contributed to Russia’s war
difficulties?
Section 2-Europe Plunges into War
The Great War Begins
• Following Austria’s declaration
of war Russia began to mobilize
against both Austria and
Germany
– Germany declared war on Russia
on Aug. 1st 1914 and on France
two days later
• This caused Great Britain to declare
war on Germany
– WWI had officially begun
The Great War Begins
• Nations Take Sides– The Central PowersGermany, Austria-Hungary
• Later Bulgaria and the
Ottoman Empire would join
in an attempt to regain lost
territories
– The Allied Powers-Great
Britain, France and Russia
• Italy and Japan later joined as
well
A Bloody Stalemate
• Western Front- The
deadlocked region of Northern
France fought over in WWI
• Schlieffen Plan-The Germany
plan in which they would defeat
France 1st then turn east to fight
Russia
– A quick defeat of France was vital
to the plan
A Bloody Stalemate
• Failures of the Schlieffen
Plan– Sept. 5th, 1914 Allied forces
attacked the Germans northeast
of Paris in the valley of the
Marne River
• 600 taxicabs brought Allied reenforcements to the front
– Sept.9th, the Germans retreated
– The 1st Battle of the Marne left
the Schlieffen Plan in ruins b/c
a quick victory no longer
existed
A Bloody Stalemate
• Trench Warfare-Soldiers would fight from
trenches often for pitifully small pieces of land
– The space between the trenches was called “no
man’s land”
– The trenches along the Western Front reached
nearly 500 miles from the North Sea to the Swiss
border
• New Military Technologies– Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, armored cars and
submarines were widely used for the 1st time in
war
Battle on the Eastern Front
• The Eastern FrontThe battlefield along
the German and
Russian border
– Russians and Serbs
battled Germans and
Austro-Hungarians for
control of the Eastern
front
Battle on the Eastern Front
• Russia Struggles– By 1916 Russia’s lack of
industrialization was crippling
their army
• They were short on supplies of guns,
food, ammunition, boots and blankets
• German and Ottoman forces
controlled many of the ports limiting
supplies as well
• Russia’s one advantage was their
population they could quickly replace
soldiers who had been lost in war
Body Lice
Bell Work
Monday 5/19
Look in your book beginning on page 851
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What factors helped prompt the U.S. to join
the war on the Allies side?
• 2. What role did women play in the war?
• 3. Why was the Second Battle of the Marne so
important?
Section 3-A Global Conflict
War Affects the World
• The Gallipoli Campaign– The campaign to capture the
Dardanelles sea straight and than
take the city of Constantinople.
• This would allow them to establish a
supply line to Russia
• British, French, Australian and New
Zealand troops began the campaign
in February 1915
• In December the allies gave up the
campaign after suffering 250,000
losses
War Affects the World
• Unrestricted Submarine WarfareGermany announced that their
submarines would sink any ships in
the water surrounding Britain without
warning
– After the cruise ship Lusitania was sunk
by a German U-boat leaving 1,198
passengers (128 of them American)
dead the U.S. threatened action if the
Germans continued to sink neutral ships
War Affects the World
• Americans Join the Fight– Germany returned to unrestricted submarine
warfare in 1917
– The Zimmerman Note- In February, 1917 the
U.S. intercepted a German telegram headed to
Mexico
• Germany wanted Mexico to join their fight and in
return they would help Mexico “reconquer” the
lands they lost to the U.S.
• This led President Wilson to ask for a declaration of
war against Germany on April 2nd, 1917
The Zimmerman Note
War Affects the Home Front
• Total War- Policy where all available
resources nation possesses are dedicated to
war
– Governments would take control of the economy
and tell the factories what to produce
• Rationing-System where the amount of goods
one could purchase were limited during war
time
• Propaganda-One-sided information designed
to keep up moral and support for the war.
Allies Win the War
• Russia Withdraws– Czar Nicholas stepped down to due to civil
unrest in March 1917
– By mid 1917, 5.5 million Russian soldiers
had been wounded, killed or taken prisoner.
• As a result the Russian Army refused to fight
any longer
– Vladimir Lenin came to power and desired
to end Russia’s involvement in the war.
• Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk establishing
a truce between Russia and Germany
Allies Win the War
• The Central Powers Collapse– July 1918 the Allied forces and Germany clashed
in the Second Battle of the Marne
• 350 tanks rolled through the German line
• Nearly 2 million new American troops arrived to help
advance towards Germany
– Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary and the Ottomans
surrendered 1st
– November 9th, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped
down and Germany officially became a republic.
Allies Win the War
• Armistice-A signed
agreement to stop
fighting
– WWI officially
ended on
November 11th,
1918
The Legacy of the War
• The Effects of WWI on Europe
– New technologies were used and for
the 1st time the world was engaged in
a global conflict
– 8.5 million soldiers died, and another
21 million soldiers were wounded
– Europe’s economy was in ruins
• War damage was estimated around
$338 billion
Bell Work
Tuesday 5/20
Look in your book beginning on page 858
and begin reading to find the answers
• 1. What was the goal of Woodrow Wilson’s
Fourteen Points?
• 2. What was the “war guilt” clause in the
Treaty of Versailles?
• 3. Why did the U.S. reject the Treaty of
Versailles?
Section 4-A Flawed Peace
The Allies Meet and Debate
• January 18th,1919 delegates
representing 32 nations met
to discuss the terms of peace
at the Palace of Versailles
– The Big Four held most of the
decision making power
• Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.,
Georges Clemenceau of France,
David Lloyd George of Great
Britain, and Vittorio Orlando of
Italy
The Allies Meet and Debate
• Fourteen Points-A
series of proposals
drawn up by Woodrow
Wilson in order to
outline long lasting
peace with Europe
The Allies Meet and Debate
• Wilson’s Fourteen Points
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
No secret treaties
Freedom of Seas
Lower tariffs to increase trade
Reduce militaries
No more colonizing
New boundaries for countries
League of Nations
• All countries could peacefully
settle disagreements
• Like a modern UN
• Many countries not happy
because did not punish
Germany
The Allies Meet and Debate
• Self-Determination-The
people could decide for
themselves what kind of
government they wanted
to live under
The Allies Meet and Debate
• The Treaty of Versailles-An
agreement designed to bring
peace among the nations, and
punish Germany
– As a result Germany lost all of it’s
war making powers
– Wilson’s 14 points were adopted
– The League of Nations was
created but the U.S doesn’t join
• Its goal was to keep peace among the
nations
A Troubled Treaty
• A total of five treaties were signed by the
allied powers
– This created feelings of bitterness and betrayal
among the losing nations
• New Nations Created After WWI– Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
were recognized as independent nations
– The Ottomans lost all of their territory except
modern day Turkey
A Troubled Treaty
• End Results of WWI– The Treaty of Versailles could not
guarantee lasting peace
• The U.S. ultimately rejected the Treaty of
Versailles in favor of an isolationist approach
– The War Guilt Clause left Germany
extremely bitter
• Germany received the harshest punishment
including 33 billion dollars in reparations owed
to the allied powers
– Africa and Asia were upset with the way
the Allies disregarded their calls for
independence