Transcript Slide 1 - mrs

War Affects the World
Ch. 29.3
A Global Conflict
• Japan and Italy joined the Allied
Powers.
• The Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria
joined the Central Powers.
Gallipoli Campaign
• Allies wanted to attack the Ottoman Empire in
a region known as the Dardanelles.
• The narrow sea strait, near the Gallipolli
peninsula was the gateway to Constantinople,
the capital.
• If the Allies could capture Constantinople,
then they could establish a supply line to
Russia.
• (Remember the supply lines for Russia had
been cut off by the Germans through the
Baltic Sea)
Dardanelle effort FebDec, 1915
• British, Australian, New Zealand, and
French troops assaulted the area on
the west.
• Turkish troops defended the region.
• In a few months, it turned into another
bloody stalemate for trench warfare.
• By December, the Allies evacuated.
• They suffered 250,000 casualties.
Determined to ruin
Ottoman Empire
• British helped Arab nationalists to rise
up against their Turkish rulers.
• T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)
helped lead daring guerrilla raids
against the Turks.
• Allies took control of Baghdad,
Jerusalem, and Damascus.
Germany’s colonies
under assault
• Japanese took control of German
outposts in China.
• Japanese captured Germany’s Pacific
island colonies.
• English and French attacked
Germany’s four African colonies.
• They seized control of 3.
Troops
• French and British recruited troops
from India, South Africa, Senegal,
Egypt, Algeria, and Indochina.
• Many fought and died on the battlefield.
• Others worked to supply the front lines
of battle.
Indians volunteer
• The Indians volunteered to help the
British in WWI because they believed
that it would eventually lead to their
independence.
• Gandhi said, “If we would improve our
status through the help and
cooperation of the British, it was our
duty to win their help by standing by
them in their hour of need.
Naval blockades
• British navy blocked supplies to
Germany.
• In 1917, crops failed and caused a
severe food shortage in Germany.
• Germany established its own
blockade around Great Britain to
strike back.
Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare
• Germans announced they would
sink any ship without warning in
the waters surrounding Britain.
• German U-boats sank 3 American
ships.
Zimmerman Note
• The British intercepted a telegram from
Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur
Zimmerman.
• The message said that Germany would
help Mexico ‘re-conquer’ the territory it
lost to the U.S.
• The British decoded the message and
gave it to the U.S.
Call for War
• On April 2, 1917,
the U.S. joins
WWI on the side
of the Allied
powers.
• The war had
already been
going for 3 years.
Total war
• WWI became a total war.
• A total war is when countries devote all
of their resources to the war effort.
• The entire force of the government was
dedicated to winning the conflict.
War production
• Numerous facilities were converted to
munitions factories.
• Every able-bodied citizen was put to
work.
• Unemployment nearly disappeared in
some European countries.
• Thousands of workers were recruited
world-wide to run the factories.
(Chinese, Indian, Algerian, Egyptian,
etc.)
Rationing
• People could only buy small amounts
of items that were also needed for the
war effort.
• Rationing covered a wide range of
goods, from butter to shoe leather.
– Tobacco, coffee, clothing, wheat, imported
meats, chocolate, sugar, tea, cheese, eggs
etc.
Propaganda
• Censored news about the war
• Gave one-sided information to keep up
morale and support for the war.
• The “War Poster” urged support for the
war by painting the enemy as monsters
and the allies as heroes.
Women
• Thousands of women replaced men in
factories, offices, and shops.
• Women built tanks and munitions, plowed
fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals.
• They also kept troops supplied with food,
clothing, and weapons.
• Although most women left the work force
when the war ended, they changed many
people’s views of what women were capable
of doing.
Problems in Russia
• Russia experienced shortages of food and
fuel throughout their involvement in WWI.
• Czar Nicholas, faced with prospect of
revolution, abdicated his throne on March 15,
1917.
• 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been
wounded, killed, or taken prisoner.
• The Russians refused to fight any longer.
• Czar Nicholas II
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• 8 months later, Communist leader
Vladimir Lenin seized the throne.
• Lenin insisted on ending Russia’s
involvement in WWI.
• He offered Germany a truce in 1918,
under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which
ended the war between them.
• Vladimir
Lenin
Russia loses land in
treaty
• The treaty required Russia to surrender
lands to Germany.
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Finland
Poland
Ukraine
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Western Front
• Russia’s withdrawal finally allowed
Germany to send all of its forces to the
Western Front.
• March 1918, more than 6,000 cannons
opened fire in a massive attack against
the Allies in France.
• It was the largest attack of the entire
war.
• They regained the Marne River and
headed to Paris.
German army is weak
• The effort to retake the Marne River
had exhausted their men and supplies.
• Sensing the weakness, the Allies-with
140,000 fresh American troops launched a counterattack.
• The U.S. soldiers were inexperienced
but eager to fight.
• U.S. Soldiers
fought in France
during WWI.
Allies take control
• July 1918, Allies and Germans fought again at
Marne.
• 350 Allied tanks smashed through German
lines.
• With the arrival of 2 million more American
troops, the Allied forces headed toward
Germany.
• Became known as the Second Battle of
Marne.
Central Powers
Crumble
• Bulgaria and Ottoman Turks
surrender.
• In October, a revolution in AustriaHungary brought the empire to an
end.
• In Germany, soldiers mutinied,
and the public turned against the
Kaiser.
WWI Ends
• November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II was
forced to step down.
• Germany declared itself a republic.
• A representative of the new German
government met with the French commander
of the Allied forces.
• In a railway car in a forest near Paris, the two
signed an armistice.
• On November 11,1918, WWI ended.
Marshal
Foch was
the Allied
French
commander
that Wilhelm
II
surrendered
to.
ArmisticeTrain
(Hitler also
surrendered
in the same
train car)
Forest of Compiegne
Celebration on Wall Street After WWI
ended.