Transcript I. WWI
The Causes of WWI Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism WWI: The Great War Causes 1. Imperialism: France, Great Britain, Russia, Germany • Kaiser Wilhelm II • Industrialization Germany can compete through “blood and iron” Kaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army and navy Aggressive foreign policy Determined to make Germany a top nation. Distrusted by other powers “Germany must have its place in the sun” “The world belongs to the strong.” 2. Militarism • Define: build up of armed forces 1890: Germany has strongest military Militarism Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships. The British feared an attack on their Empire Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies 3. Alliance System •Triple Entente: France, Great Britain, and Russia •Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire •Global security Balance of power Imperialism caused many countries to form alliances Alliance Structure Alliances tested Archduke Franz Ferdinand June 28 1914- assassinated Black Hand-Serbian Nationalists Gavrillo Princip is the assassin July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia • Russia is allied with Serbia • Germany is allied with Austria-Hungary August 1: Germany declares war on Russia • Russia is allies with France August 3: Germany declares war on France • Great Britain is allies with France • Great Britain immediately declares war on Germany……..WWI has BEGUN!!!! Nationalism + Imperialism= Extreme hatred for other nations Causes build-up of arms Battles of WWI begins August 4, 1914 •Germany invades Belgium Schlieffen Plan Hold off Russia, ATTACK France • Start in Belgium, drive to Paris Once France falls, German forces focus on Russia Trench Warfare: fortified ditches “No Mans Land” Early fighting=stalemate Britain’s Reaction 1838- UK had signed a Treaty to protect Belgium. Britain also scared of Germany controlling Channel ports. Did not want Germany to defeat France and dominate Europe. Britain next? UK issued ultimatum to Germany to withdraw troops from Belgium. War declared August 4 1914 World War I Assignment 1. On a sheet of poster paper, create a poster of the causes of WWI. Include key facts about each cause. Include key countries, individuals, and vocabulary Use textbook and notes as a resource Use Coloring Pencils or Markers 2. On a sheet of poster paper, create a timeline of the events preceding WWI. Include key countries, individuals, vocabulary Include declarations of war and reasons for those declarations. Key Ideas of WWI Mobilization- The gathering and movement of troops for war Isolationism- A policy of nonintervention into intercontinental violence Pacifists- Opposed war and violence as a mean of diplomacy Monroe Doctrine- Europeans were no longer to interfere with American affairs Protectionism- The theory of protecting domestic markets by placing tariffs and quotas on imports American Neutrality 1914- why fight? Opposition to the war • Sympathy for Germany • Sympathy for Allies Germany=Imperial Bully Economics U.S. enters the war • British Blockade: prevent contraband Reasons we couldn't remain neutral: 1. Friendship with France and G.B. 2. British propaganda had large influence 3. Economic ties to European nations • Allies depended on U.S. supplies • Economic boom in the U.S. 1916, he ordered a major defense buildup National Defense Act: called for a larger army and a navy second to none most people still favored peace though Wilson campaign: “man who had kept the nation out of war” German U-Boats •Counter to blockade •Any ship is fair game No warning needed •Lusitania: British liner Sank by U-boat 128 Americans killed Americans are furious America still neutral: Wilson wants peace 1916: Germany breaks promise •Sussex: unarmed French passenger boat Attacked by German U-boat •80 people killed U.S. issues another warning Zimmermann Note: British intercepts message •Germany asks Mexico to declare war on U.S. •Mexico would gain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona •U.S. enters war: make world “safe for democracy” ..\World Civilization\Zimmerman Telegram.doc American war effort April 1917: U.S. officially in war 200,000 men in army----Draft or Recruit? Selective Service Act: men required to register for military • Set minimum draft age of 18 • Resulted in 3 million draftees U-boat resistance • Convoy System: merchant ships provided defense American troops fresh Gearing up for War U.S. was short on supplies Pres. Wilson created War Industries Board to organize the country for war • Increased production & controlled limited resources Railroad Administration— organized all RR lines into one network that serviced the entire nation Shipping Board— oversaw the building of a merchant marine Gained govt. support thru increased taxes & war bonds Feeding the Allies Food Administration Board— headed by Herbert Hoover • Controlled food production & distribution • Top needs were wheat, pork, & sugar • Americans were encouraged to cut back to save cost • Volunteered to participate in saving techniques • (Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, Porkless, Thursdays & Saturdays) Children grew vegetables on playgrounds People planted "victory gardens" in their backyards Wartime Propaganda Committee on Public Information- Wilson • 75,000 men spoke around the country • were called "Four Minute Men" • War was fought for democracy & freedom • Those criticizing the war were treated poorly, sometimes beaten Espionage Act (1917)—fines & jail sentences for aiding the enemy or blocking recruitment Sedition Act (1918)--punished those using disloyal or abusive language about the American govt., flag, or military uniforms 1,500 citizens lost their civil liberties People were arrested for everything from criticizing the draft & the Red Cross to complaining about taxes Replacement soldiers •General Pershing: “old glory” Separate army Russia drops out of war April 1918: U.S. independent army New weapons: tanks, poison gas, airplanes •War is mechanized Germany collapses •Mutiny amongst the soldiers •Rebellion in Berlin •November 11, 1918 at 11:00: Germany surrenders 26 million total deaths •Russia- 9 million •Germany- 7 million •U.S.- 325,000 Post-war Fourteen Points •II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas •XIV. A general association of nations must be formed League of Nations: provide national security without war “Big Four”: •Woodrow Wilson- United States •Georges Clemenceau- France •David Lloyd George- Gr. Britain •Vittorio Orlando- Italy “Make Germany pay” Treaty of Versailles •Germany must pay for war: $28 billion in total German military: •100,000 soldiers •no airplanes •no submarines War Guilt Clause: Germany must take responsibility for starting the war Humiliation---Adolf Hitler uses Treaty of Versailles as a rallying cry for Germany prior to WWII End of the War Treaty of Versailles- Made Germans accept reparations (compensation to cover war damages) worth 132 billion gold marks = $28 Billion Dollars) Initial sum of 50 billion gold marks was 330% of national income from previous year ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Main cause for World War II Opposition to treaty •Too much imperialism •Too harsh on Germany U.S. never ratifies Treaty of Versailles or joins League of Nations Opposition in Congress: Henry Cabot Lodge November 11, 1918 @ 11 am •The date to end the war. Changes in America Industry jobs increase •Wages increase Food conservation: •“Victory Gardens” Women in workforce Civil liberties •Espionage and Sedition Acts U.S. Economics of WWI United States economy was in a recession prior to 1914 Recession- Period of reduced economic activity United States economy improved following start of war and the sale of goods to Europe- Agriculture and Industrial equipment Following World War I, the United States was member in the international market Military: 1917: 200,000 1918: 4.5 million Total labor: 1916: 40 million 1918: 44 million Financing the war •Raise taxes •Borrow from public (war bonds) •Print money (Uh-Oh!) Economic boom in 1920’s