Transcript World War I - Cloudfront.net

World War I
Chapter 29
Causes of WWI
1.
Nationalism caused
intense competition by the
turn of the 20th century
among Europe’s Great
Powers for industrial
dominance and power
– Germany
– Austria-Hungary
– Great Britain
– Russia,
– Italy,
– France
Causes of WWI
2.
Imperialism intensified
European nations’
sense of rivalry and
mistrust toward one
another as they
competed for
colonies in Asia and
Africa
Causes of WWI
3. Militarism led to an
arms race and
formation of large
standing armies and,
eventually, to military
alliances
Causes of WWI
4. Triple Alliance (1882)
• created an unstable and fragile alliance that
tried to isolate France
• Germany, AustriaHungary, and Italy
Causes of WWI
5. Triple Entente (1907)
Established two rival camps
in Europe—Triple Alliance
and Triple Entente—that
created the possibility that
any dispute between two
rival powers could draw the
entire continent into war.
A Russian poster depicting Triple Entente
Causes of World War I
Gavrilo Princip ran to the car and shot the
couple to death. The assassin was a member of
a Serbian nationalist group nicknamed the
"Black Hand".
• 6. Assassination in
Sarajevo provided Austria
Hungary with an excuse to
launch war on Serbia,
leading to a confrontation
between
Austria and
Russia
The Black Hand
Causes of WWI: Kaiser Wilhelm II
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm?
The German ruler who
• forced Bismarck to resign,
• allowed the GermanRussian treaty to lapse
(leading to the formation of
a Franco-Russian alliance),
and
• built up the German navy to
challenge Britain (leading to
the formation of the Triple
Entente).
footage
War Consumes Europe
CAUSE
1. Russia mobilizes along the
German border.
2. Germany invades Belgium
to get to France.
EFFECT
Germany declares war on
Russia and on France
Britain declares war on
Germany;
Italy joins the Triple Entente,
arguing that the
unprovoked attack allowed
it to divorce itself from its
old ally Germany.
War Consumes Europe
CAUSE
3. The Allies defeat the
Germans in the Battle of the
Marne
EFFECT
• The Allies’ victory destroys
Germany’s hopes for a quick
victory in the west,
• and suggests that Germany
may have to fight a long war
on two fronts.
War Consumes Europe
CAUSE
4. Machine guns, tanks, poison
gas, and airplanes are used
in battles along the Western
Front.
WWI Weapons
EFFECT
• The new technology turns
the Western Front into a
horrible and horrifying
“terrain of death” in
which huge numbers of
soldiers to die.
War Consumes Europe
CAUSE
5. Russian forces attack both
Austria and Germany.
6. The Allies are unable to ship
war supplies to Russia’s
ports.
EFFECT
Germany counterattacks, forces
Russian forces to retreat, and
Regains East Prussia. Austrian
forces drive the Russians out of
Austria-Hungary.
6. Because Russia is not
industrialized, its war effort is
short of supplies and near
collapse.
War Consumes Europe
B)
Schlieffen Plan: German plan for a two-front war in which the German army
would quickly defeat the
French in the west and then race east to defeat the Russians
Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, and later Bulgaria and the
Ottoman Empire
Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, and later Japan and Italy
Western Front: deadlocked region in northern France
Trench warfare: type of warfare in which soldiers fought each other from
trenches, leading to huge losses for small land gains
Eastern Front: stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border
where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks
War Affects the World
Feb 1915: 1. What was the
purpose of the Gallipoli
campaign?
• The Allies believed that
if they could
– Take Constantinople,
– defeat the Turks, and
– establish a supply line to
Russia
Gallipoli movie trailer
Amy Winehouse song Back to Black
Unrestricted German
submarine warfare
The Sinking of the Lusitania May 17, 1915
1198 people drowned, including 128
Americans.
BRITISH INTERCEPT THE ZIMMERMAN
NOTE FEBRUARY 1917
Germans
offered
Mexico
land in
Texas
Mexico
ignored
the note
War Affects the World
April 1917
• 2. Why did the United
States enter the war?
a) public outrage over
Germany’s unrestricted
Submarine warfare
b) the Zimmermann note,
c) traditional bonds between
Americans and English,
d) reports of German war
atrocities, and
e) most importantly, strong
economic ties with Allies
War Affects the World
Russian crowd rejoices
when Czar Nicholas
abdicates, March 15, 1917.
3. Why did the Czar of
Russia’s government
collapse?
Czar Nicholas abdicated
when he was faced with
civil unrest due in part to
• wartime shortages,
• the refusal of the army to
continue fighting, and the
• prospect of revolution
War Affects the World
• November 17, 1917
Lenin seizes power in
Russia
• March 1918
Germany and Russia sign
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
4. What were the terms of this
treaty?
• The treaty ended the war
between Russia and
Germany; the
• Russian government to
surrendered lands to
Germany:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Latvia,
Lithuania
Estonia
Ukraine
Poland,
Finland
War Affects the World
• July 1918 Allies and
Germans fight Second
Battle of the Marne.
5. What was the significance of
this battle?
• The German war effort had
exhausted both men and
supplies;
• more than two million
American troops took part
in this battle;
• Allied forces began to
advance steadily toward
Germany and
• the Central Powers began to
crumble
War Affects The World
November 1918
War Ends
6. What events signaled
the final defeat of the
Central Powers?
• surrender of Bulgarians
and Ottoman Turks;
• revolution in AustriaHungary;
• mutiny in Germany and
• forced resignation of
Kaiser
War Affects the World
• Unrestricted submarine warfare: German policy
under which submarines would sink any ship (in
waters around Britain) without warning
• Total war: situation in which countries devote all
their resources to the war effort
• Rationing: system in which people can buy only
small amounts of items needed for the war effort
• Propaganda: one-sided information designed to
persuade, to keep up morale and support for the
war
• Armistice: an agreement to stop fighting
A Flawed Peace
1) Woodrow Wilson’s concerns (14 points)
• a just and lasting peace achieved by ending secret treaties;
• freedom of the seas, free trade, and reduced national
armies and navies;
• adjustment of colo- nial claims with fairness toward
colonial peoples; granting self-determination;
• establishing a world peace organization
2. Britain and France were concerned with
• national security,
• Stripping Germany of its war-making power, and
• punishing Germany.
A Flawed Peace
• 3. . Germany lost substantial territory, had severe
restrictions placed on its military operations, and
was forced to acknowledge “war guilt” and pay
reparations to the Allies.
• 4. New countries were created from the AustrianHungarian Empire; Ottoman lands in southwest
Asia were carved up into mandates rather than
independent nations;
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania became
independent nations;
• Poland and Romania gained Russian territory.
A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of
Versailles
5. The treaty created the League of Nations, an
international association whose goal was to
keep peace among nations.
6. Many Americans objected to the League of
Nations, believing that the United States
should stay out of European affairs.
7. Without U.S. support, the League of Nations
was unable to take action on various
complaints of nations aroundthe world.
A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of
Versailles
8. Why did many countries feel bitter and
cheated as a result of the treaty?
• The war guilt clause left a legacy of hatred
among the Germans;
• Africans and Asians were angry that their
desire for independence was ignored;
• Japanese and Italians gained less land than
they wanted.
A Flawed Peace
The Paris Peace Conference.
• Woodrow Wilson of the United States,
• Georges Clemenceau of France, and
• David Lloyd George of Great Britain
• Vittorio Orlando of Italy
Self-determination: the idea that peoples should decide for themselves to
what nation they would belong
League of Nations: an international association created by the Treaty of
Versailles that was intended to keep peace among nations
Mandate: territory to be administered by the League of Nations until judged
ready for independence