Transcript Chapter 30 - Campbell County Schools

Chapter 30
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Austrian Archduke, and heir to
the throne, Franz Ferdinand
visited the Bosnian capital of
Sarajevo in June 1914
A man shot the Archduke and
his wife and the Serbian
government knew about it
• They wanted a war to bring
down the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
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Austria-Hungary joined
Germany against France,
Russia, and Serbia
Germany declared war on
Russia who had been sending
troops to the German border
and WWI began
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President Wilson
believed that the US
should avoid being
drawn into a foreign war
by remaining neutral
American citizens were
on both sides of the
fence
• Some supported Britain
because of our strong
English heritage
• Some supported France
because of our historic
links to them and their aid
to us during our Revolution
President Wilson’s cabinet
and military leaders
supported the British
 British officials worked to
win American support by
using propaganda to
influence the public
 Britain cut the
transatlantic telegraph
cable from Europe to the
US so we could only get
British reports
 American banks began
lending money to the
Allies, so Americans had
an interest in their success
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Germans knew Allies depended on food,
equipment, and other supplies from the US
 To get around the British blockade of the North
Sea, Germany used their U-boats (submarines)
and announced they would attempt to sink any
ship they found near Britain without warning
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• This violated an international treaty
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The Lusitania, a British passenger ship, entered
the war zone and a German submarine sunk it
• 1200 passengers, including 128 Americans, were killed
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Germany attacked a French ship and President
Wilson demanded that the German government
stop using these methods of submarine warfare
or risk war with the US
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A German official, Arthur
Zimmermann sent a telegram to the
German ambassador in Mexico
(which was already involved in
conflict with the US) proposing an
alliance that would give Mexico its
lost territory in Texas, New Mexico,
and Arizona after the war
British intelligence intercepted the
telegram and leaked the information
to American newspapers
The next month Germany resumed
unrestricted submarine warfare and
sank 6 US merchant ships within 45
days
President Wilson finally had no other
choice but to declare war
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Army had 100,000 men,
but General Pershing
said it needed 1 million
within a year and 3
million the following year
Selective Service Act
authorized the draft
11,000 women served as
volunteers in America,
14,000 served abroad in
government agencies
Training was often cut
short to save time
All ships began to travel
in convoys (a group of
unarmed ships
surrounded by a ring of
destroyers, torpedo
boats, etc.)
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The more than 300,000
African American
volunteers/draftees served in
segregated units and most
never saw combat
The marines did not accept
African Americans at all and
the navy only accepted them
for basic tasks and manual
labor
An entire unit known as the
Harlem Hell Fighters
convinced their officers to
loan the regiment to the
French
The French integrated them
and allowed them to serve
All men in the regiment
received France’s highest
combat medal: Croix de
Guerre
 Germans
negotiated a
peace agreement
with Russia after
helping Vladimir
Lenin gain control
there
 They could now focus
on conquering the
western front and
taking Paris
 The Americans
stepped in and began
to push the Germans
back
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The tank was a new weapon
that allowed the Allies to
cross trenches and roll
through barbed wire to
break German lines
We manufactured hundreds
of planes to keep up with the
technology of the Allies
Airplanes were used to scout
enemy positions, but later
flyers engaged in dogfights
with pistols and machine
guns
German zeppelins (blimps)
killed more than 1500
civilians in London alone
Later, planes would be used
to drop bombs to destroy
railroads and enemy targets
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The Allies pressed on and
Germany’s allies (Bulgaria, the
Ottoman Empire, and AustriaHungary) began to fall apart
and make peace individually
with the Allied powers
German commanders begged
for peace, but the Allied
refused
German naval command
ordered the fleet to leave the
port and confront the British
Navy for one last battle, but the
sailors mutinied and this revolt
quickly spread to other ships,
ports, factories, and industrial
cities until Kaiser Wilhelm fled
to Holland and the government
of Germany signed an
armistice
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Flu killed more people
worldwide than all of the
wartime battles
A strand first detected at a
training camp in Kansas was
taken overseas by American
Troops
It caused severe pneumonia
within a couple days and
people literally suffocated
The virus spread easily in
crowded, unsanitary
conditions
The death rate in some units
reached 32%
Before it ended, over 500,000
Americans and nearly 30
million people worldwide
died of the flu
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Americans lost 50,000
soldiers in battle and
many more to disease
Total European death toll
is over 8 million soldiers
and sailors (more than
5,000 every day)
Many soldiers had their
feet amputated because
they developed “trench
foot”
Soldiers were
permanently blinded and
had lung damage from
poison gas attacks
Millions of civilians died
of starvation, disease, or
war-related injuries
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
were a way to make and
keep peace after the war
 He hoped they would be
the basis of peace
negotiations and
Germany assumed they
would as well
 Allies cooperated in the
beginning but they
started coming up with
their own plans and
discarding his
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Wilson shared power with the
leaders of Britain, France, and Italy
who wanted to make the Central
Powers pay for their part in the war
with land, livestock, goods and
money
They also wanted to divide up
Germany’s colonies in Africa,
China, and the Pacific
Wilson’s only goal was to create an
agency to allow countries to work
together to resolve disputes
peacefully
• Wilson convinced the other powers to
create the League of Nations and
came back to the US to convince us of
his plan
• Part of the plan pledged that
members would regard an attack on
one country as an attack on all
• The plan was rejected because 39
senators feared the plan could be
used to drag the US into wars
The conference created 9 new countries out of he
territory of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany
 New borders created new ethnic minorities in
several countries, causing new problems
 The Ottoman Empire was all but destroyed and what
was left became Turkey
 Germany was forced to pay reparations in the form
of $33 billion, which they were unable to pay
 Germany never forgot or forgave this humiliation
 The Germans at first refused to sign the treaty, but
gave in when threatened with French invasion
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Many Americans, including
politicians, were unsure of the
League of Nations provision of the
Versailles Treaty
Wilson toured the country to get
support and suffered a stroke that
paralyzed one side of his body,
leaving him an invalid for the rest of
his term
The Senate voted on the treaty in
several forms, but could not agree
On May 20, 1920 Congress voted to
disregard the Treaty of Versailles
and declare the war officially over
Wilson vetoed it and the next year
another resolution was passed, but
this time with Warren G. Harding in
office (who signed it)
 Inflation
after the war
was rampant because
businesses that had
been regulated by the
government were no
longer regulated
 Workers wanted higher
wages because of
inflation, companies
wanted lower wages
 This led to strikes
75% of the police force walked off the job, riots
erupted, and the governor had to send in the
National Guard
 Strikers tried to return to work and the police
commissioner fired them and hired new workers
instead
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Thousands of American soldiers returned from
Europe and needed to find jobs
 White and African American soldiers returned to a
hero’s welcome, but African American soldiers
were discriminated against when it came to
housing and jobs
 Many African Americans who had moved north
during the war were also competing for jobs and
housing
 In the summer of 1919 over 20 race riots broke out
across the nation
 The worst violence happened in Chicago
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• African Americans had gone to a whites-only beach and
both sides began throwing stones at each other, setting off a
riot that lasted for 2 weeks and left 38 people dead and
over 500 injured
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Labor riots did not help the
fear of communism
People became afraid of
anarchy
The postal service intercepted
more than 30 parcels
addressed to leading
businesspeople and
politicians that were triggered
to explode when opened
In June, 8 bombs in 8 cities
exploded within minutes of
one another, suggesting a
nationwide conspiracy
The agency that would
eventually become the FBI
was created to conduct raids
on the headquarters of radical
organizations
• Most raids were unsuccessful
and did not turn up hard
evidence
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Warren G. Harding ran
on a platform of a return
to normalcy, the simple
days before progressive
reforms
This struck a chord with
voters and he won by a
landslide against the
ticket of Ohio governor
James M. Cox and
Secretary of the Navy
Franklin D. Roosevelt
who ran on the platform
of continued
Progressivism