Transcript Professor Lecture

Towards a Sustainable Energy Future
Sustainable Energy Systems and Challenges of
Energy Utilization
Jinyue Yan
[email protected]
Lecture 1
Course MTM142
September 3, 2003
© J. Yan-2003-09
Outline
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Sustainable Development & Sustainable
energy systems
Energy Utilization in the world and Sweden
and policy issues
Challenges: Examples: from Climate change
(Global system) to Humid Air Turbine
(Technical components)
Example: Our solutions to global climate
change -- Responsive Carbon Management
Advanced sustainable energy technologies
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Challenge !
A picture from a kid
Nature and Human Society
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When are you going to pay
now or future ?
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Sustainbility and sustaiable
development
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Sustainability: Refers to whether a process can
be continued indefinitely without depleting the
energy or material resources on which it
depends.
sustainable development: Development that
provides people with a better life without
sacrificing or depleting resources or causing
environmental impacts that will undercut future
generations.
sustainable society. A society that functions in a
way so as not to deplete energy or material
resources on which it depends.
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Three dimensions of sustainable development
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs
The economy
growth
financial stability
Energy
The social welfare
The environment
employment
social and culture
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Challenges to sustainable development
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Global energy consumption: developing countries, e.g.,
nearly 2 billion people lack access to electricity. could be
5 billion in 2050.
Local and regional pollution from fossil fuels (developing
countries) + climate change (developed countries)
Security of energy supply
Reform and privatisation of energy market: power
energy policy-making is changing fast. Just as market,
more and more issues require regional or global coordination.
Improvements in energy efficiency and reductions in the
cost of renewable energy sources
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Energy
Energy plays an important role for all above sustainable
developments. We need a sustainable energy system
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Sustainable Energy Systems:
– improving energy efficiency
– switching to environmentally less harmful fuels, such as
renewable energies
– the global equilibrium of energy production and consumption
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From Source to Service
Energy Technologies are supplying the services
Sources
Energy Technologies
Fossil fuels
 coal
 oil
 natural gas
Renewables
 Solar
 Biomass
 Hydro
 Nuclear
Services
 light
 warm/cool
 transportation
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…...
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An example
of energy
chain from
extraction
to energy
service
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Energy in the world from IEA
report
http://www.iea.org/statist/keyworl
d2002/key2002/keystats.htm
© J. Yan-2003-09
Energy supply in the world by fuel
(sources, IEA, 2002)
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TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY BY REGION
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Energy comsumption of the world by fuel
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Total energy consumption by region
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Outlook 2020 by fuel
12 400 Mtoe
(2010)
14 800 Mtoe
(2010)
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Outlook 2020 by region
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Energy in Sweden
http://www.stem.se/
© J. Yan-2003-09
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What happens in Nature when energy
provides services ? A “heat engine model”
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What have we paid
for the services?
service/
energy
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Have we ever paid?
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Forgot the nature?
Nature (Source)
resources
Society
wastes
Nature (Sink)
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Climate Change !
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CO2 Emissions by fuel
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CO2 emissions by region
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Reason 1 - increase emissions: energy production,
industrial processes and transport.
The industrialised countries consequently must
bear the main responsibility of reducing emissions
of carbon dioxide.
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Reason 2: decrease carbon sink
cutting down forest uisng for or built-up areas,
urbanisation, roads etc
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Future
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Who is responsible ?
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Data in 1995
Note: emission right !
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Future CO2 Stabilization Targets
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？？ How to manage carbon ？？
to reach the target
Options focused on fossil fuels:
- reduce emissions
- capture emissions
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A New Concept:
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The state of art: based on the fossil fuels. -->
– it is possible to reduce emissions
– but impossible to avoid emissions
= reduce increasing emissions
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New idea: renewable (bioenergy) + removal
technology
New technical solution:
Biomass (= CO2 neutral) + capture CO2
==>> Negative CO2 emission
 Managing Climate Risk
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Advantages of Managing Climate Risk
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Increase the carbon sink by increase
use of biomass to substitute fossil fuels
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Cost Effective CO2 Capture
Results in Science Oct 26 2001
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Bioenergy + CO2 Removal
carbon dioxide
CO2
biofuels
energy
products
ashes (minerals)
CO2 removal
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Comparison between fossil fuel based and
biomass based CO2 capture systems
kgCO2/kWhe
0,5
0
Coal-fired Coal IGCC- NGCC w
Recovery BLIGCC w
-0,5 steam power COshiftchemical
boiler w
physical
plant w
physical absorption chemical absorption,
-1
chemical absorption
absorption,
power
power
-1,5 absorption
-2
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Strategy implementation
requires
Technology Innovation
© J. Yan-2003-09
Example of Technology Innovation
Humid Air Turbine (HAT Cycle)
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Parallel combination of steam and gas
turbine
Features
– High efficiency, low cost, low NOx
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Joint working teams with both
industries and universities
– Pre-study: 1992—1993
– Program：1993：
ABB（Alstom), VOLVO, VATENFALL,
SYDKRAFT，EL-FORSK, EL-KRAFT, KTH, LTH
– 1998, first pilot plant
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Innovation of Energy
Systems
Integration of energy systems with
industrial process
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MISTRA KAM R&D
Integration of energy technologies into forest industry
Efficiency and Product Improvement
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Future Energy Technologies
Integrated and Clean Energy Plant
Multiple fuel feedstock and products
 Larger becomes larger
 Smaller becomes smaller
Distributed power generation “Personal
Turbine”
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Modules and Integration
Feedstocks
Fossil
- coal
- gas
- oil
Opportunity
Feedstocks
- Biomass
- Municipal
waste
- Refinery
waste
Fuel
Upgrading
Ash/trace
Elements
CO2
Gas stream CO2-Rich
cleanup
Stream
Process
Options
Co-products
Gasification
Energy
Combustion
Conversion
Heat exchange
- Turbine
Separation
- Fuel Cells
Catalysis
Fuel &
Chemical
Synthesis
Output
Options
Electricity
Chemicals
Transportation
Fuels
Syngas
Hydrogen
Steam
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Summary –
towards a sustainable energy future
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Technologies innovation
 Reduce
our demands for services
Better quality of life with enough to meet
our needs -- not our wants!
= Change Life Style !
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Future: Kids’ dream
Reality:
to be or not to be
?
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Thanks !
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Sources: EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2002
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Sources: EU Energy and Transport in Figures, 2002
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About Me
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1989, came to Sweden
1991, PhD, KTH
1997, Docent, KTH
2001, Professor, LTU
Research Interests:
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Advanced power generation cycles
Climate change mitigation technologies
Biomass energy systems
Thermodynamic properties of working fluids
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