Transcript Late Middle Ages

Chapter 11
The Late Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
The Birth of Modern Europe
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Feudalism sets stage for larger-scale government,
protection of rights and duty to state
Agricultural advancements – population thrives!
Expansion and bureaucratization of the Church
preserves aspects of Classical learning, provides order,
and establishes universities/institutions of advanced
learning
Crusades allow for contact and exchange with Byzantine
and Arab worlds
The end result was an advanced civilization that fused
Greco-Roman traditions with Christian, Germanic, Arabic
and Byzantine elements to surpass other regions in the
world at the time
Threats to the Medieval World
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Mongol invasions of Russia in
1240
Ottoman Turks overtake
Constantinople 1453
Papal scandal
Eventually, Church
fragmented by Protestantism
Four Horsemen of the
Apocalypse: Plague, War,
Famine, Death
In the end, the forces that
challenged the medieval world
were secular ones
The Black Death:
A Recipe for Plague
“Little Ice Age”
 The Great Famine (1315 – 1317)
 Inability to sustain growing population with
agricultural methods used at the time
 Upheaval to urban areas
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The Black Death
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Most devastating natural disaster in European
History
Bubonic Plague
 Rats
and Fleas
 Yersinia pestis
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Originated in Asia
Arrived in Europe in 1347
Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas
Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)
Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
Images of Plague
Sexy
Buboes
Demons be
GONE!
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Spread of the Black Death
Life and Death: Reactions to the Plague
Whip
It!
Whip it
good!
Plague as a
punishment from
God
 The flagellants
 Attacks against
Jews - pogroms
 Violence
 “Dance of Death”
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Economic Dislocation and
Social Upheaval
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Jacquerie, 1358
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Labor Shortage + Falling prices
for agricultural products = Drop
in aristocratic incomes
English Statute of Laborers
(1351) : Limit Wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
 Jacquerie in France (1358)
 English Peasants’ Revolt
(1381)
Revolts in the Cities
 Ciompi Revolt in Florence
(1378)
War and Political Instability
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The Hundred Years’ War
 French Attack on English Gascony
(1337)
 Edward III of England claims French
Crown
 Differences in the armies
 Battle of Crecy (1346)
 Henry V (1413 – 1422)
 Battle of Agincourt (1415)
 Charles the Dauphin (heir to the
French throne)
 Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
 Siege of Orleans
 Captured by allies of the English
in 1430
 Burned at the Stake (1431)
 Gunpowder
 War Ends with French victory (1453)
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Hundred Years’ War
Political Instability
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Breakdown of Feudal Institutions
 Attempts
at political centralization
 Scutage: “buy out” of military service
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New Royal Dynasties
 Problems
of succession
 Challenge of noble families
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Financial Problems
 Parliaments
gain power
 Ongoing war creates need to tax
Western Europe:
England and France
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England
III (1327 – 1377) and
the development of
parliament
 Edward
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House of Lords
House of Commons
 Wars
of the Roses (York vs.
Lancaster)
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France
 Estates General - Marcel
 Taxation: gabelle, taille
 Madness
Henry IV of England
of Charles VI (1380
– 1422)
 Civil War: Burgundy vs.
Orleans
Germany & Italy
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The German Monarchy
 Breakup
of the Holy Roman
Empire post-Hohenstaufen
 Hundreds of States
 Elective Monarchy
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The Golden Bull (1356)
Weak kings
The States of Italy
 Lack of centralized authority
 Republicanism to Tyranny
 Outside control
 Development
states
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Golden Bull of Charles IV
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Milan
Florence
Venice
of regional
The Ponte Vecchio – Venice
The Decline of the Church
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Hiss
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with
the State
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Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)
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Boo
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Please, Greg!
Come home!
Conflict with Philip IV (the Fair) of
France
Unam Sanctam (1302)
Captured by French – is eventually
released but then dies
Clement V, a French pope!
The Papacy at Avignon (1305 –
1378)
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Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in
papal prestige
 Captives of the French monarchy
 New Sources of revenue
 Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
Palace and Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes
The Great Schism
I don’t
think
so…
I’m da
Pope!
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Papacy returns to Rome in
1378
Rival Popes elected
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Pope Urban VI
 Pope Clement VII
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The Great Schism divides
Europe
Council of Pisa (1409)
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Urban VI and Clement VII
I win.
Deposed both popes and elected
a new pope
 Popes refuse to step down
 Results in three popes!
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Council of Constance (1414 –
1418)
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End of the Schism
Condemnation of heretics Jan
Hus, John Wyclife
 Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)
elected
Changes for the Church
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End of conciliarism
 Council of Basel 1449 ends it
 Paves way for “Renaissance Papacy”
 Popes behaving badly…
 Patronage of art/culture
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Lay Piety and Mysticism
 Preoccupation with salvation after plague and war
 Purgatory and indulgences
 Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Gerhard Groote
 Female mystics – Catherine, Hildegard, Beguines
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Nominalism and the challenge to theology and
scholasticism
 Aquinas
vs. Occam
Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
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The Developments of
Vernacular Literature
 Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321)
 The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321)
 Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 –
1400)
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The Canterbury Tales
 Christine
de Pizan (c. 1364 –
1400)
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The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
 Boccaccio
 Decameron
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Art and the Black Death
(1266 – 1337)
 Ars Moriendi
 Giotto
Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto: from Byzantine to Renaissance style
Change & Invention
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Changes in Urban Life
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Greater Regulation – PROSTITUTION!
(woohoo!)
Marriage
Gender Roles
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Medicine
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Medical schools---Salerno, Montpellier,
Bologna, Oxford, Padua, and Paris.
Midwives, barber-surgeons
Inventions and New Patterns
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The Mechanical Clock (Di Dondi)
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Bell tower in Siena
Male: Active and Domineering
Women: Passive and Submissive
New Conception of Time
Gunpowder
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Temperamental, but utilized (James II’s
“Lion”)
Mechanical Clock in the
Prague Town Hall
“One sound rose
ceaselessly above the
noises of busy life, and
lifted all things unto a
sphere of order and
serenity: the sound of bells“
-John Huizinga, The Waning of the
Middle Ages
Discussion Questions
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What impact did the Black Death have on medieval
European society?
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in
the Hundred Years’ War?
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations
between the English King and his Parliament?
Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal
prestige?
How was the Great Schism finally ended?
How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan
reflect the values of their respective societies?
How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?
Web Links
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ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval
Studies
The End of Europe’s Middle Ages
The Black Death, 1347 – 1350
Medieval Dance of Death
De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military
History
The Age of King Charles V
The World of Dante
Geoffrey Chaucer