Transcript File - mrs. pope`s website

Mrs. Pope
AP European History
Tallwood High School
THE BLACK DEATH AND THE
HUNDRED YEARS WAR
Europe in the Late Middle Ages
up to 1450
What made Europe susceptible to a pandemic?
A. Little Ice Age- 1300-1450
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Europe colder, wetter, crops ruined
Prices rise b/c of crop shortages
Great Famine- 1315-1322
B.
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disease, higher prices, deaths
Typhoid Fever Outbreak- 1316
C.
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deaths of people, livestock
Sheep hit hard---fewer sheep means reduced wool exports
from England to Flanders. Weavers have no wool,
unemployment rises, merchants also suffer because there’s
not enough wool cloth to trade
D. Results: abandonment of villages, more homeless,
widening gap in farming classes, poor diets=weaker
population=more susceptible to disease
The Famine of 1315-1317
 By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they
could cultivate.
 A population crisis developed.
 Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop
failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.
 As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.
 One consequence of
starvation & poverty
was susceptibility to
disease.
What made Europe susceptible to a pandemic?
Government Solutions to problems—INEFFECTIVE!
1. France- 1314-1328 no speculation (people bought grain and held it until
prices went higher, then they would sell)
 outlawed export of grain
 Jews blamed and punished
 hard to enforce
2. England- Edward II- 1307-1327 Parliament set price controls
 no speculation
 attempt to import grain
 hard to enforce, black market runs rampant
Black Death
Where did the Black Death originate?
 China
How did it travel to Europe?
 Trade routes
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1331- China
1346- reaches Crimea
Oct 1347- Messina, then Sicily, then Italy, then
Europe
1348- reached England
 Disease is carried by fleas on rats
 May have been brought by Mongols
this brings a whole new meaning
to global travel!!
1347: Plague Reaches
Constantinople!
II. THE BLACK DEATH- 1347-1350
Causes Infected fleas on rats infect humans by biting them
 Spreads quickly due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, etc.
 blame Jews—accused Jews of poisoning the wells of Christians
(NOT TRUE! But that didn’t stop the murder of many Jews at the
time)
Two forms of the plague Bubonic–
 Infection of lymphatic system
 Get this kind from the bite of an infected flea
 boils (buboes) form on glands- neck, armpit, thigh, then black splotches,
then spit blood, then die
 Pneumonic—
 Infection of respiratory system
 Transmitted from person to person
 Fevers, coughing, spit up blood, death within days
Quick! Call orkin!
The Culprits
The Disease Cycle
Flea drinks rat blood
that carries the
bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and
regurgitates blood
into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged
with bacteria.
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100% mortality rate.
This is not the chicken pox!
Treatment of plague
 no cure
 bloodletting
 strong herbs, noises, homemade
medicine
 religious zeal—flagellants—whipped
themselves as penance for sins
- there were hospitals at the time, but
we don’t know exactly how many patients
would have been served
Effects

How did the plague affect the Catholic church?
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Many clergy died, and church began allowing laypeople (not official priests)
to give sacraments to each other
Prestige of the Church diminished
people lost faith in the Church
kills 1/3 of Europe’s population and cures overpopulation
breakdown of gov’t
Inflation (rise in prices) –due to shortages of goods
Increased wages & per capita wealth
Price of slaves grew rapidly (good business for slave traders)
migration of workers
How did guilds change?
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Opened up membership to non-relatives
Could not control wages
Looking forward:
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Efforts to control population growth
improved navigation techniques which allowed further travel (which would
mean they could import more grain from farther places)
Quarantine measures
It ain’t a party until the
whips come out!!!
From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
Lancing a Buboe
Medieval Art & the Plague
Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession
with death.
Giovanni Boccaccio
 “The Black Death victims ate lunch with their
friends and dinner with their ancestors in
paradise.”
 The Decameron--book
which included stories from
a group of people who were
trying to avoid the plague.
 The introduction to the
book described the plague.
Boccaccio in The Decameron
The victims ate lunch with their
friends and dinner with their
ancestors.
The Danse Macabre
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s
Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:
Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pograms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle”
obligatory badge
Death Triumphant !:
A Major Artistic Theme
A Little Macabre Ditty
“A sickly season,” the merchant said,
“The town I left was filled with dead,
and everywhere these queer red flies
crawled upon the corpses’ eyes,
eating them away.”
“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,
“They crawled upon the wine and bread.
Pale priests with oil and books,
bulging eyes and crazy looks,
dropping like the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (2)
“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,
“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;
“And proved through solemn disputation
“The cause lay in some constellation.
“Then they began to die.”
“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,
“And then they turned the brightest red,
Begged for water, then fell back.
With bulging eyes and face turned black,
they waited for the flies.”
A Little Macabre Ditty (3)
“I came away,” the merchant said,
“You can’t do business with the dead.
“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.
“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”
And then he sneezed……….!
The Mortality Rate
Death toll
estimated at
25,000,000
The Triumph of death
Get out – they made a video?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZy6XilXD
ZQ
Hundred Years’ War
Charles IV of France
 King of France
 Son of Philip the Fair
 Died 1328 w/out an heir
 Meeting of French barons after his
death decide to keep his sister, Queen
Isabella of England, or her son Edward
III from taking the French crown.
 Philip VI of Valois named King
(r. 1328-1350)


Nephew of Philip the Fair
Charles IV’s cousin
Queen Isabella of England
 Daughter of Philip IV the Fair
of France
 Denied the French throne
after the death of her brother
Charles IV of France.
 Wife of King Edward II of
England
 Overthrew King Edward II
with the help of her lover
(1327)
 Edward III (her son) becomes
King of England but she acts
as regent
King Edward III
 Ruled 1327-1377
 Crowned at age 15
 Queen Isabella’s son
 Nephew of Charles IV
 Paid homage to Philip
VI for Aquitaine-1329
 Aquitaine was an area
in SW France which had
been controlled by
English kings
Causes
 Territorial questions—King Edward was the
vassal of Aquitaine and paid homage to Philip VI
of France.
 King Philip VI confiscated the duchy 1337
 King Edward III’s claim to the French crown
 Economic issues w/ Flanders
 Flanders was French territory
 Wool and wine trade between Flanders and England
was important to both the English and French
economies—English crown got lots of $$ from the
taxes on those goods
 Flemish aristocracy support French crown
 Flemish merchants/middle class support English
 Both competing for economic dominance in Flanders
Popular Responses
 English opinion
 View war as a struggle for Edward III’s right to be the
French king
 Propaganda used by Edward III—letters to villages
overstating French cruelty; warned of danger of
invasion; clergy delivered pro-English sermons
 French opinion
 Feared invasion by English soldiers
 Some nobles turned on Philip VI and sided with the
English—this started a civil war in France.
 Saw this as an opportunity to gain more land
The English bring new weapons
 Longbow Not great accuracy
 Rapid reloading when compared to French
crossbowman
 Arrows can pierce armor
 Created panic
 Cannon
 Lots of damage to castle or city walls
 Creates panic
 This new weaponry changes warfare forever!
Paint by numbers?
Talking about pimp my ride
Don’t bring a knife to a gun
fight
Battle of Crecy
 1346
 Crecy, France—northern France
 English use longbows and cannon
 English victory
remember – always control the
high ground
Shoulda listened to your mom
and stayed in bed
Battle of Poitiers-1356
Battle of Poitiers
 1356
 Edward the Black Prince invaded France from
Aquitaine
 English victory
 King John II of France was capture
 His son Charles V served as regent
 John II came was allowed to go back to France to raise
ransom money. He left other hostages with the
English.
 One of his sons escaped and King John II went back to
London and ended up dying there ins 1364.
Fool me once shame on you, fool me
twice and I’m must be a nit-wit
Battle of Agincourt
 1415
 English led by King Henry V
 Outnumbered by French 10:1
 Huge English victory
Who knew the English had video
in 1415?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRkmdpL
gLiE&feature=BFa&list=PLC8ACBA72AB38C
B21
The Siege of Orleans
 1428 – English lay siege to Orleans
 April 28, 1429 - French arrive to lift siege
 May 8, 1429 – English retreat – weakened due
to disease and lack of supplies
France’s little darling to the
rescue
Joan of Arc
 1429- Convinced the Dauphin (crown prince Charles
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VII) to let her help
He let her accompany troops to Orleans
Raised moral
Helped lift siege in Orleans
Kidnapped by Burgundians who turned her over to
the English (Burgundy was a region in France; the
Burgundians had cooperated with the English during
the war)
Put on trial and found guilty for heresy
Burned at stake 1431
Named a saint by the Catholic Church 1920
Joan of Arc has a Youtube video
too?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQydMh
Y9OpI&feature=BFa&list=PLC8ACBA72AB38
CB21
Results of War -- England
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breakdown of order @ local level—many of the
officials/knights who took care of local issues were
gone! (either at war or dead)
taxes on wool—but high prices cause decline in wool
exports
Parliament gains power—power to tax belongs to
Parliament
heavy human losses
Helped end feudalism
Southern coastal ports damaged
Nobles complain about loss of territory on the
continent – this is seen as a cause of the War of the
Roses which began 1455
Results of War -- France
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farm lands devastated
France’s monarchy is strengthened
Reduced involvement in international commerce
Helped end feudalism
English claims to French lands end
Government in France became more centralized—
take power away from nobles
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Formed standing army which was better disciplined and
professional than before
 No effective representative government—Kings of
France viewed that as a threat
 Nationalism grew
Results of the war
 Reduction of trade
 Heavy human losses
 Destruction of land
 End to feudalism in England and France
 Heavy taxes to pay for war
 Military weaponry and innovations change warfare
– mounted knights will not be used in future wars.
 End to chivalric, romantic ideas about war
 Aggravated peasant grievances
 Increased in nationalism in France and England
 Propaganda became more effective
Moving on to the next part of the chapter….
 The Decline of the Church’s Prestige
 The Life of the People
 Vernacular Literature
Church Instability-We know the church suffered a crisis of faith because of the
Crusades and the Black Death.
There were some other things that occurred within the Church
which were problematic for the prestige of the Catholic Church.
A. Babylonian Captivity 1309-1376- Popes live in Avignon, France
 Rome suffers economically—Rome was a tourist attraction b/c of the
Pope & made money because of it. When the Popes are not in
Rome, fewer people visit
 Popes lived in luxury
 Weakens church b/c it’s separated
from historic roots
 Papal States in Italy lacked
stability and good gov’t
Church Instability
B. 1377- Pope Gregory XI brings papacy back to
Rome
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He died shortly after his return
C. Urban VI (1378-1389)- Italian elected pope
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forced reform—abolished simony (holding several church
offices at one time)
Attacked clerical luxury
Began to act irrationally– “I can do anything, if it be my will
and judgment.”
The Great Schism
Great Schism- 2 popes until 1417
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cardinals did not like Urban. They met and elected Clement VII to
be pope
Clement VII = French—cousin of King Charles V of France
He set up his court in Avignon, France
 European powers chose sides…Urban VI or Clement VII?
 Urban = England, Holy Roman Empire
 Clement = France, Aragon, Castile, Portugal, Italian city-states
 Results of Schism:
 People confused about who was the legitimate pope
 Weakened religious faith of many Christians b/c of fighting
amongst church officials
 Rise of Conciliar Movement
Conciliar Movement and seeds of
the Reformation
 Conciliarists- want to reform church with representative assemblies,
believe that pope is the head of the church, but that he should share
power with a general council.
 Confraternities- groups of laypeople
 Imitation of Christ- Thomas Kempis (German)- Christ as example,
simple living, Scriptural guidance
 Marsiglio of Padua - Defensor Pacis (Defender of the Peace) (1324) State was great unifying power in society
 Church subordinate to state, no jurisdiction, should not own
property
 Authority in the church should come from a general council of
laymen & priests that are superior to the pope
 Condemned by the pope and Marsiglio was excommunicated
Seeds of the Reformation
 John Wyclif (English scholar & theologian) and the Lollards-
1330-1384
 Only Bible source for belief, read it themselves, church no
property, women can preach
 No scriptural basis for the Pope’s power
 Wanted an end to pluralism, absenteeism, veneration of
saints, pilgrimages
 Lollards—those who followed Wyclif
 Women involved—allowed to preach
 Jan Hus- 1369-1415
 Preached in Czech, no indulgences, Lollardry, everyone
receives bread & wine @ Eucharist
 Hus arrested, tried, burned, nobles rejected decision
End of Schism (?)
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1409- Council @ Pisa
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both colleges of cardinals meet (cardinals from France and Rome)
depose both Popes, elect a new one
nobody resigns = threefold schism
Council of Constance-1414-1418- called by German emperor
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end schism- depose all 3, pick Martin V
End heresy- kill Hus
Reform church
Martin V (1417-1431)
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Dissolved Council of Constance
no reform of church practices
concentrates on Italy
 The Schism and Conciliar movement exposed the need for
reform and laid the foundations for the reformation in the 16th
Century.
The Life of the People
 Marriage
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Both partners had to consent
Parents arranged marriages
Most marriages were to someone in the same village
Economics influenced men’s later marriages—
 Waiting to inherit land
 Women married younger than men
 Women under 20 / men in middle to late 20s
 No divorce, monogamy stressed
 Literacy
 Most peasants illiterate
 Some gentry could read and write
 Prostitution
 Many larger towns had legal brothels
Life in the Parish
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Parish remained focus of life for peasants
Men and women participate in planting & harvesting
Priest blessed fields and prayed for good crops
Guilds limited membership
 Women’s membership limited—believed to be intellectually
& biologically inferior to men
 Recreation reflected violence
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Tournaments of jousting
Archery, wrestling
Bullbaiting and bearbaiting
Executions of criminals were well-attended events
Fur-Collar Crime
 Many nobles turned to crime after the Hundred
Years’ War as a way to raise money
 They were hurt by inflation
 Use social status to rob and extort from the weak
 Corrupt judicial processes—bribe judges and
juries
 Demand peasants pay “protection money” or
have their hovels burned and crops destroyed
 Kidnapping and ransoming wealthy
Popular Revolts—14th and 15th centuries—social
and economic issues caused many peasant revolts
A.
Peasant Revolts
1.
Flanders- 1323- peasants unhappy with French taxes, burn castlescrushed by French army
2.
France- 1358- Jacquerie (unhappy peasants) after plague, famine,
taxes
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3.
B.
C.
revolt, killing nobles
Joined by artisans, small merchants, and parish priests
nobles unite, put down revolt
England- 1381-
 social immobility+ raids from France+ Preacher John Ball+ head tax = revolt,
Wat Tyler & leaders tricked by Richard II, killed, BUT serfdom disappears
slowly
Urban Revolts
1.
Florence- 1378- ciompi- propertyless workers
2.
Seville, Barcelona, Lubeck, Brunswick, etc.
Guild-driven unrest
1.
Guilds limit production, some people want to expand production
2.
Some limit membership, journeymen form secret, illegal guilds
3.
Women were slowly excluded as membership became fraternity ad
honor-based
Race and Ethnicity on the Frontiers
 As people moved around Europe during the middle
ages, people of different backgrounds find
themselves living side-by-side.
 Early racial categories defined by language,
customs, and laws.
 Legal issues-
 Native peoples have to follow traditional laws
 Newcomers were subject to laws of the countries from
which they came
Irish are “unfree”- controlled by English, no rights,
Statute of Kilkenny (1366) attempt to abolish Irish
culture
Led to emphasis on blood- not language, customs,
etc.
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Competition for jobs, membership in guilds
During hard economic times, racial tensions rise
Influenced marriages
Vernacular (national language) Literature
 Beginning in 14th century, the vernacular (national language) came into
widespread use in verbal communication and literature
 Dante Alighieri- Divine Comedy (1310)- in Italian, about contemporary
themes, Hell, Purgatory, Paradise

The poet Virgil leads Dante through Hell where he sees the torments of the
damned and denounces troubles of his time
 Travels through purgatory and then to paradise
 1st major work of literature in the Italian vernacular
 Giovanni Boccaccio- the Decameron (1353)- People escaping the plague
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tell stories about real life
Geoffrey Chaucer- Canterbury Tales (1387)- collection of stories told on a
pilgrimage- shows regular people and emotions
Christine de Pisan—French writer. The City of Ladies
Vernacular literature in Eastern Europe was response to foreigners
Rise in lay literacy- more regular people learn to read