Transcript PP Medieval World - Alvord Unified School District

High Middle Ages
1000-1500
Feudalism
• reciprocal relationship
• peace and personal
security
• developments in
agriculture, commerce,
and communication
• Constitutional
government develop
from feudalism.
Manor
• Nobles
• Peasants/Serfs
• Agricultural
– Three field-system
– Unchanged for 700 years
• Sources of Power
– Human, animal, wind,
water
Towns and Commerce
• After 1000.
• Commercial centers which gained
political rights
• Enclosed by walls
• Protected by tariffs and fees.
• Government by Merchant Guilds.
– Officials were called Burghers
• Little money in circulation.
National Monarchies
• Most monarchies became hereditary
• Holy Roman Emperor elected.
• Unified territory required taxes.
– common in Roman
– unknown in the Germanic and
feudal tradition..
– Magna Carta
National Governments
• National assemblies
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Parliament in England
Estates General in France
Cortes in Spain
Diets in Germany
• Only in England and France was
a feeling on nationalism
beginning to evolve
– Product of Hundred Years War
The Church
• Catholic Church was the means of
European Unification
• Religion permeated every pore of
society.
• Heresy was repressed.
• Christian Scheme
– Time and Calendar
– Current Events
Education
• Latin
• Scholasticis
• Literacy
– Aristotle and Aquinas were
approved experts
• Universities taught 7 Liberal Arts
• Uncertainty and Magic
– Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric,
Arithmetic,Geometry, Astronomy,
Divinity and Theology, and Music
– Knowledge passed on by ear and eye
• Noble boys left at 7 years
• women
• Apprenticeship system and
Private Tutors
– Alchemy and Occult
– Church impeded growth of
natural science
Medieval Mind
• Uncertainty brought by agents of disorder
– Brutality and hardship were expected
• Different World View
– The mind was set on the timelessness of the
spiritual and not on secular concerns.
– The idea of progress did not concern them.
• Chivalry and Courtly Love
– Prowess
– Loyalty
• Impossible for us to understand
– Devout religious vs. flagrant worldliness
– Complete sense of right vs. bestial brutality
Science and Technology
• New inventions in the early 15th century
– Eyeglasses
– Astrolabe
– Mechanical clock
• Insistence on precise measurement
of time set Europeans apart from the rest of the world
– firearms.
• guns had become fairly reliable by the end of the 15th century.
• The need for precious metal for guns stimulated the metal workers
and the mines.
– Printing Press and Movable type
• Europeans were no more skillful or intelligent than other
peoples, but they were more persistent or more aggressive.
Art and Literature
• Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
• Tendency toward realism
– Chaucer Canterbury Tales
– Francois Villon
• religious
– Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis
– The Vision of Piers Plowman by William
Langland.
• Architecture and Art was Gothic
– celebrated the spiritual
– led peoples eyes toward God.
Agents of Disorder in
14th Century
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•
•
War
Plague
Schism
Bad government
War
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Wars fought for individual gain
Hundred Years War
Crusades
Brigandage (mercenary companies)
Peasant population always hurt
– Taxes, soldiering, burned houses and crops,
famine, outright death
The Plague
• 1/2 of the population was wiped out.
• Symptoms gave the name
• Affect on lifestyle
–
–
–
–
Falling population
Encouraged the move to the cities
famine
Sometimes standard of living rose
• Increased political, economic, and
emotional instability
– The bloodiest peasant rebellions, the most
senseless civil wars, and the witchcraft
delusion took place after the plague.
Problems in the Church
• Babylonian Captivity
– Pope Boniface VIII published papal
bull Unam Sanctum
– French King arrested Boniface
• died in captivity in Avignon,
France.
• Great Schism
– Two popes now existed
– Roman Pope
• Supported by Italians, HRE, England,
and Spain
– French Pope
• Supported by France and assorted
others
• Corruption
– Worldliness
– Inquisition
– Benefices and
Simony
– Indulgences
Conciliar Movement
• Schism ended in 1414 at Council of Constance
• Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges gave French
Gaelic liberties in 1438
• Schism had profoundly and forever shook
Church power
• Began look toward decisions arrived at through
groups or councils
• Subservience to a council was vehemently
opposed by any pope
Bad Government
• Breakdown of feudalism
• Poor Leadership
– Consanguinuity
• Changing Times
– Technology and warfare