Transcript apeuro chapter11

Chapter 11
The Late Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
What just happened?
Religion- One Church
1054 Split
12th Century Age of Faith- Gothic Cathedrals
Unified Western Christian Church
• 1215 4th Lateran Council
• Unam Sanctum
Crusades 11th through 13th Centuries
Slaughter of the Albagensians
11th Century of all Western Europe- Roman
Catholic
Threat of Islam largely ends
Nation-State developing
England under William the Conqueror
developed a more stable and unified form of
government – pre-William, England had more
in common w/Scandinavia- post
w/Continental Europe
France- Strong territorial areas, many
unique cultures, and languages…1000 years
later Charles de Gaulle said—how do you rule
a country with 264 different kinds of cheese
Germany- not a country but until the 13th
century had strong
Poland-Lithuania- strong powerful entity
North Central Europe
Russia- still smarting from the Mongols
Balkans and Eastern Empire under threat
from the Ottomans
Iberian Peninsuala slowly consolidating
Italy- Venice becoming increasingly
powerful
Trade
Agricultural production slowly developing
Less starvation
Some weakening of manorial ties as towns begin to
develop
Jews allowed to reenter Europe in the 11th, 12th Centuries
Ghengis Khan and the Mongols reestablish strong trade
routes along the silk road- More East/West ties.
Northern Europe dominated by the Hanseatic League—
trading group.
Italy getting the lion share of trade benefitsStrong Textile industries developing in Flanders and Italy
A Time of Troubles: Black Death
and Social Crisis
“Little Ice Age”
The Great Famine (1315 – 1317)
The Black Death
The Black Death
Most devastating natural disaster in European
History
Bubonic Plague
Rats and Fleas
Yersinia Pestis
Originated in Asia
Arrived in Europe in 1347
Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas
Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)
Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
The Disease
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Spread of the Black Death
Life and Death: Reactions to the
Plague
Plague as a punishment from God
The flagellants
Attacks against Jews
Violence
Mysticism
Hedonism
Fig. 11-CO, p. 303
Medicine
Mass burial of victims in Tournai…still time to make coffins
p. 307
Flagellants wandered from town to
town flogging themselves
p. 307
Economic Dislocation and Social
Upheaval
Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural
products = Drop in aristocratic incomes
Statute of Laborers (1351) : Limit Wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie in France (1358)
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Revolts in the Cities
Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)
French nobles massacring the rebels in Meaux during the
Jacquerie in 1358
p. 309
War and Political Instability
The Hundred Years’ War
France – three times the number of people and
wealthier, but not united because of social
conflicts; battles fought on own land; weaker royal
leadership than English
England was superior militarily – had the
longbow; smarter leadership
Part 1
• French Attack on English Gascony (1337)
• Edward III of England claims French Crown
• Also conflicts over control of Flanders, a center of the woolen
industry
• Battle of Crecy (1346)
• Battle of Poitiers (1356)
• Peace of Bretigny (1360)
Chart 11-1, p. 311
Burgh
ers of
Calais
Map 11-2, p. 314
Battle of Crecy…English longbows won
p. 312
Part II
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Marauding bands
French raids on England
French regain some territory
Burgundy France rift
25 yr peace treaty
Part III
• Henry V (1413 – 1422)
 Battle of Agincourt (1415) Major Victory
 Treaty of Troyes- Marriage Henry V and Catherine French Princess
Part IV
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Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)
Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
Siege of Orleans
Captured by Burgundians (allies of the English) in 1430
Burned at the Stake (1431)
Gunpowder
War Ends with French victory (1453)
What does it all mean?
Joan of Arc
p. 316
p. 317
p. 316
Political Instability
Breakdown of Feudal Institutions
Scutage
New Royal Dynasties
Financial Problems
Parliaments gain power
p. 319
Western Europe: England and
France
England: $$$$ War Cost $$$$
Edward III (1327 – 1377)
• Parliament
 House of Lords
 House of Commons
• Lancasters and Henry IV
England: War of the Roses (White York,
Red Lancaster) 1455-1485
House of York* and House of Lancaster
• Henry VI—(6th not 4th) loses—Tower of London
• House of Tudor wins? Henry VII
France
Estates General formed- but weak
$$$ for war—Gabelle and Taille
France: Charles VI (1380 – 1422)
France: Civil War
• Burgundy and Orleans
Victory in the 100 yr War--
Soldiers ransacking a house in Paris, mid 14th century
p. 320
Germany & Italy
The German Monarchy
Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire
Hundreds of States
Elective Monarchy
• The Golden Bull (1356)
• Weak kings
The States of Italy
Lack of centralized authority
Republicanism to Tyranny
Development of regional states
• Milan
• Florence- Popolo grasso, grandi, ciompi (not types of pasta)
• Venice- Republic- Council of Ten
Italian states in the 14th century
p. 321
The Ponte Vecchio – Venice
The Decline of the Church
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)
• Conflict with Philip the Fair of France
• Unam Sanctam (1302)
• Captured by French at Anagni
Clement V->French Cardinals?
• NOTE AVIGNON WAS NOT OFFICIALLY PART OF FRANCE
The Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1378) Babylonian
Captivity
Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige
Captives of the French monarchy
New Sources of revenue
Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
Boniface VIII presiding over a gathering of cardinals
p. 323
Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes
p. 323
The Great Schism
Papacy returns to Rome in 1378
Rival Popes elected
Pope Urban VI
Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism divides Europe
Who supports who?
Mysticism?- Modern Devotion?
New ideas
• Wycliffe
• Hus
Council of Pisa (1409)
Deposed both popes and elected a new pope
Popes refuse to step down
Results in three popes
Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)
End of the Schism
Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)
p. 324
Culture and Society in an Age of
Adversity
The Developments of Vernacular Literature
Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321)
• The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321)
Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 – 1400)
• The Canterbury Tales
Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1400)
• The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
Art and the Black Death
Giotto (1266 – 1337)
Ars Moriendi
Christine de Pizan, vernacular writer late 14th-early 15th century
p. 328
Change & Invention
Changes in Urban Life
Greater Regulation
Marriage
Gender Roles
• Male: Active and Domineering
• Women: Passive and Submissive
Medicine]
Medical schools---Salerno, Montpellier, Bologna, Oxford, Padua,
and Paris.
Midwives, barber-surgeons
Inventions and New Patterns
The Mechanical Clock
• New Conception of Time
Gunpowder
Mechanical Clock in the Prague Town Hall
Discussion Questions
What impact did the Black Death have on medieval
European society?
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the
Hundred Years’ War?
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the relations
between the English King and his Parliament?
Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal
prestige?
How was the Great Schism finally ended?
How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan reflect the
values of their respective societies?
How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?
Web Links
ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval
Studies
The End of Europe’s Middle Ages
The Black Death, 1347 – 1350
Medieval Dance of Death
De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military
History
The Age of King Charles V
The World of Dante
Geoffrey Chaucer