Transcript File - Mr.Dellipizzi`s World of History

Pieter Bruegel, The Triumph of Death (c.1562)
Chapter 11
The Late Middle Ages:
Crisis and Disintegration in
the Fourteenth Century
The Birth of Modern Europe
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Feudalism sets stage for larger-scale government,
protection of rights and duty to state
Agricultural advancements – population thrives!
Expansion and bureaucratization of the Church
preserves aspects of Classical learning, provides order,
and establishes universities/institutions of advanced
learning
Crusades allow for contact and exchange with Byzantine
and Arab worlds
The end result was an advanced civilization that fused
Greco-Roman traditions with Christian, Germanic, Arabic
and Byzantine elements to surpass other regions in the
world at the time
Threats to the Medieval World
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Population Growth
Climate change, Famine, and
Disease
Economic dislocation and
social upheaval
Foreign invasions, Political
Instability, and War
Papal scandal/ Church
decline
The Black Death:
A Recipe for Plague
Insufficient agricultural production to
support growing population
 “Little Ice Age”
 The Great Famine (1315 – 1317)
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The Black Death
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Most devastating natural disaster in European
History
Bubonic Plague
 Rats
and Fleas
 Yersinia pestis
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Originated in Asia
Arrived in Europe in 1347
Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas
Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)
Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
Images of Plague
Sexy
Buboes
Demons be
GONE!
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Spread of the Black Death
Reactions to the Plague
Whip
It!
Whip it
good!
Asceticism
 Anti-Semitism –
pogroms
 More extreme
attitudes/ behavior
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 “Dance
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of Death”
Economic
dislocation and
social upheaval
Economic Dislocation and Social
Upheaval
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Labor Shortage + Falling
prices for agricultural
products = Drop in
aristocratic incomes
English Statute of Laborers
(1351) : Limit Wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
 Jacquerie in France
(1358)
Revolts in the Cities
 Ciompi
Jacquerie, 1358
Revolt in
Florence (1378)
The English Peasant Revolt (1381)
PRIMARY SOURCE: Froissart’s Chronicles [Excerpt]
War and Political Instability:
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The Hundred Years’ War
 French Attack on English Gascony
(1337)
 Edward III of England claims French
Crown
 Differences in the armies
 Battle of Crecy (1346)
 Henry V (1413 – 1422)
 Battle of Agincourt (1415)
 Charles the Dauphin (heir to the
French throne)
 Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
 Siege of Orleans
 Captured by allies of the English
in 1430
 Burned at the Stake (1431)
 Gunpowder
 War Ends with French victory (1453)
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The Hundred Years’ War
Battle of Crécy
(1346)
The “End of Chivalry”
Edward III
King of England
Outnumbered 3-1?
PRIMARY SOURCE: Froissart’s Chronicles [Excerpt]
Battle of Agincourt
(1415)
Henry V
King of England
Outnumbered 3-1?
Battle of Agincourt
(1415)
“Once more unto the breach, dear friends,
once more;
Or close the wall up with our English dead.
In peace there's nothing so becomes a man
As modest stillness and humility:
But when the blast of war blows in our ears,
Then imitate the action of the tiger;
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood,
Disguise fair nature with hard-favour'd rage”
-- Shakespeare, Henry V (Act III, Scene I)
Henry V
King of England
Outnumbered 3-1?
Political Instability
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Breakdown of Feudal Institutions
 Attempts
at political centralization
 Scutage: “buy out” of military service
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New Royal Dynasties
 Problems
of succession
 Challenge of noble families
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Financial Problems
 Parliaments
gain power
 Ongoing war creates need to tax
Western Europe:
England and France
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England
III (1327 – 1377) and
the development of
parliament
 Edward
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House of Lords
House of Commons
 Wars
of the Roses (York vs.
Lancaster)
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France
 Estates General - Marcel
 Taxation: gabelle, taille
 Madness
Henry IV of England
of Charles VI (1380
– 1422)
 Civil War: Burgundy vs.
Orleans
Germany & Italy
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The German Monarchy
 Breakup
of the Holy Roman
Empire post-Hohenstaufen
 Hundreds of States
 Elective Monarchy
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The Golden Bull (1356)
Weak kings
The States of Italy
 Lack of centralized authority
 Republicanism to Tyranny
 Outside control
 Development
states
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Golden Bull of Charles IV
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Milan
Florence
Venice
of regional
The Ponte Vecchio – Venice
The Decline of the Church
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Hiss
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with
the State (1294 – 1303)
 Conflict
with Philip IV (the
Fair) of France
 Unam Sanctam (1302)
 Captured by French
Boo
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Please, Greg!
Come home!
The Papacy at Avignon
(1305 – 1378)
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decline in papal prestige
 Captives of the French monarchy
 New Sources of revenue
 Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
Palace and Bridge at Avignon – The City of the Popes
The Great
Schism
I’m
da
Pope!
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Papacy returns to
Rome in 1378
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Rival Popes elected
(Three Popes???!!)
I don’t
think
so…
Council of Pisa (1409)
 Ineffective
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Urban VI and Clement VII
I win.
Council of Constance
(1414 – 1418)
 End of the Schism
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Changes for the Church
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End of conciliarism
 Council
of Basel 1449 ends it
 Paves way for “Renaissance Papacy”
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Popes behaving badly…
Patronage of art/culture
Lay Piety and Mysticism
 Preoccupation with salvation after plague and war
 Purgatory and indulgences
 Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Gerhard Groote
 Female mystics – Catherine, Hildegard, Beguines
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Nominalism and the challenge to theology and
scholasticism
 Aquinas
vs. Occam
Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
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The Developments of
Vernacular Literature
 Dante Alighieri (1265 – 1321)
 The Divine Comedy (1313 – 1321)
 Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1340 –
1400)
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The Canterbury Tales
 Christine
de Pizan (c. 1364 –
1400)
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The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)
 Boccaccio
 Decameron
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Art and the Black Death
(1266 – 1337)
 Ars Moriendi
 Giotto
Culture and Society in an Age of Adversity
Cimabue, Duccio, Giotto: from Byzantine to Renaissance style
Change &
Invention
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Changes in Urban Life
 Greater Regulation – Prostitution
 Marriage
 Gender Roles
 Male: Active and Domineering
 Women: Passive and Submissive
Medicine
 Medical schools
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EX: Padua, and Paris.
 Midwives,
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Bell tower in Siena
barber-surgeons
Inventions and New Patterns
 The Mechanical Clock (Di Dondi)
 New Conception of Time
 Gunpowder
Mechanical Clock in the
Prague Town Hall
“One sound rose
ceaselessly above the
noises of busy life, and
lifted all things unto a
sphere of order and
serenity: the sound of
bells“
-John Huizinga, The Waning of the
Middle Ages
Discussion Questions
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What impact did the Black Death have on medieval
European society?
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in
the Hundred Years’ War?
How did the Hundred Years’ War impact the
relations between the English King and his
Parliament?
Why did the stay at Avignon lead to a decline in papal
prestige?
How was the Great Schism finally ended?
How did Dante, Chaucer and Christine de Pisan
reflect the values of their respective societies?
How did the Black Death affect urban and family life?
Web Links
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ORB – Online Reference Book for Medieval
Studies
The End of Europe’s Middle Ages
The Black Death, 1347 – 1350
Medieval Dance of Death
De Re Militari – Society for Medieval Military
History
The Age of King Charles V
The World of Dante
Geoffrey Chaucer