Transcript Chapter 9
The Late Medieval Period Social Political Religious Intellectual Technological Economic Apply the SPRITE Analysis Framework to the late medieval period to develop an understanding of key events—Bubonic Plague (Black Death), The Hundred Years’ War, and the political struggle between church and state. Use our analysis to create a foundation for understanding the of historical events that immediately follow including the Italian and Northern Renaissance, the Reformation, and the religious wars of the 16th century. Using multiple sources to support your position creating a “snapshot” in time. Corroboration: confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding.) The Calamitous Fourteenth Century, ”When the gap between the ideal and real [in a society] becomes too wide, the system breaks down” Feudalism: A medieval social, political and economic system based on mutual hereditary obligation of one social class to another based on land ownership. Periodization: An attempt to examine and categorize history in periods (blocks) of time. Manorialism: Organization of the medieval economic system based on land ownership. 1000-1300 1215 1348-1352 1337-1453 1358 1378-1417 1381 1429 1450 1453 Improvements in agricultureEuropean population grows. Magna Carta Black Death Hundred Years’ War Jacquerie-France Catholic Church Schism Peasant Revolt-England Joan Of Arc-Battle of Orleans Gutenberg’s Printing Press Fall of Constantinople Sources: Primary Source, The Decameron-Giovanni Boccaccio Primary Source, The Plague in Siena-Agnolo di Tura del Grasso Video-Segments from, Ancient Mysteries-The Black Death-What did you hear and/or see that confirmed what you read in your textbook? Primary Sources? Images: Medieval Doctor, Flagellants, Dance of Death A children’s rhyme. “Ring around the rosie, A pocket full of posies, Ashes, Ashes! We all fall down!” What did you learn from each source? What were the similarities and differences among the sources? What do you still need to find out? What questions do you still have? What assumptions did you make? How important do you think disease is in changing the course of history? Preconditions and causes Popular remedies Social and economic consequences New conflicts and opportunities Power of monarchies increased while the power of the church decreased. Nobility was losing economic power. Centralization of political power (monarchs). Feudalism decreased Nationalism increased-identity to a nation under a monarch, not obligation to a landlord. Depopulation Urbanization-growth of European cities. Artisans and guilds grew powerful. Discontent of peasants and serfs. Statute of laborers Jacquerie 1358 Peasant Revolt 1381 Decline in agricultural demand and prices, increase in the price of luxury goods and services-guilds and skilled artisans benefited. Increase demand for skilled labor. Economic mobility-serfs attempted to move into skilled positions. Attempts to stabilize wages-Statute of Laborers 1351 Conversion of arable land to pastures (wool) Decline in the value of noble estates and their power Decreased labor supply Guilds-political power steadily increased. Inflation due to a shortage of labor and rise in wages (price of goods increased, value of money remained steady or decreased) How important do you think disease is in changing the course of history? What were the underlying and precipitating causes of the Hundred Years’ War? What advantages did each side have? Why were the French finally able to drive the English entirely out of France? National rivalry Dynastic rivalry Feudalism Attempt to centralize government-both sides Economic gain-Flanders-Wool Industry National Identity Disciplined military Better military strategy Better military technology-The longbow Centralized government in place Wealthier nation Fighting on home territory By the end, Joan of Arc and a strong sense of nationalism Weaker centralized government Weaker military Lack of economic resources-The Jacquerie 1358 Estates General English forces were exhausted France continued to have military success after Joan and the Battle of Orléans French nationalism increased Burgundy allied with the French France became politically centralized “In many aspects religion is the most interesting of man’s ways, for it is the ultimate commentary on life and his only defense against death.” Will Durant. American writer, philosopher, and historian. Think and Respond. Church and State were united. Church and State were divided. The Church was subordinate to the State. The State was subordinate to the Church. I don’t know, there were too many popes and kings involved During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church was not only the center of the people's spiritual lives but also a powerful political body. This influence of the Church is described in Chapter 9, both at its most powerful and in times of great chaos. List examples of Church power and chaos. Plenitude of Power Pope-Bishop of Rome-Catholic representative of God on earth. Papal authority Declared saints Benefices Centralized papal monarchy (secular power) Began to disconnect the community of believers “body of faithful” Critics claimed he was changing the true purpose of the Roman Catholic Church. Rota Romana Continued Innocent’s desire for power. Created the papal law courts to handle the church’s legal proceedings. Clerical taxation. Continued with the appointment of church offices. Catholic Church criticized for being more interested in its own power than the welfare of its followers. Cathars and Waldensians-Early critics-heretics in the eyes of the church. Body of all Cardinals in the Catholic Church Advise the pope on church matters Convenes upon the death of a pope to select the next pope while sequestered. This practice began with Gregory X (1271-1276) (Conclave) Minimize the influence of powerful monarchs. Monarchs were too powerful-the effort failed. Selected after the controversial death of Celestine V. Nobleman Politician Had to deal with tensions between England and France and their moves to centralization of political power under monarchs. Opposed the taxation of clergy, this challenged monarchs politically Clericis Laicos (1296) Had to concede to the power of monarchs to keep Rome properly funded. Challenged by the French Monarchy Arrest of Bishop (lord) Saisett by Philip the Fair Tried and convicted in royal court-an attempt to get Boniface to recognize the power of the French Monarch. Ausculta fili- “Listen My Son” Criticism against the Pope’s involvement in secular matters increases. Unam Sanctum (1302) Boniface attacked-Calonnas and Nogaret Succeeded Benedict XI (1303-1304) Moved the Papacy to Avignon under French influence. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377) French dominated the College of Cardinals Expanded papal taxes, annates, benefices, began the practice of selling indulgences-purgatory instituted by church law. 15th century practice included loved one previously deceased. Materialism became more apparent Desire to restore the papacy back to Rome Began a conflict with Louis IV (French Monarch 1314-1317) Louis IV (Also the Habsburg candidate for Emperor-John refused to recognize the selection.) Another confrontation began. John did not return the papacy to Rome. Palace of the Popes in Avignon completed. Papacy firmly under French influence Monarchs were able to protect their interests with restriction on church law, taxes, payments, and appeals. Kings made church appointments. National law superseded church law. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) How are each of the following significant to the history of the medieval Church? William of Ockham ( identify) Marsiglio of Padua (identify) John Wycliffe-Lollards Jan (John) Huss-Hussites Great Schism Gregory moves the Papacy back to Rome in 1377. Two Conclaves Urban VI- Elected by Roman Cardinals Clement VII-Elected by French Cardinals Support England, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia and Poland support Urban. France, Naples, Castile, and Aragon support Clement. Council of Pisa elects Alexander V. Coucil of Pisa (1409-1410)-Alexander V elected but the others refused to step down. Alexander V succeeded by John XXIII. Council of Constance (1414-1417)-SacrosanctaMartin V elected as pope. Other popes resigned or were finally deposed. Regular meetings of church council. The Council of Basel (1431-1449)-Four Articles of Prague Why were kings in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries able to hurt the Church more than it could hurt them? How did kings attack the Church during this period? What were the causes and effects of the Great Schism? How does the Conciliar Theory relate to the Great Schism? How does the Conciliar Theory relate to other political and social developments of the late Middle Ages? "The late Middle Ages might best be considered a period of chaos and disunity." Do you agree with this assessment?