Transcript uploads/4/8/0/6/48063503/chapter_1_the_late_middle_agesx

Plague, Famine, War, and Schism
CHAPTER 1 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BREAKDOWN
The Black Death (1346-1353) and
the Great Famine (1315-1317)
 1000-1300 Time of population growth-geometric




progression
Agricultural practices increased food supply-arithmetic
increase
3 crop rotation system
Iron plow
New harness for horses
Successive Crop failures in
1315-1317 led to massive
famine and weakened people
The Black Death
 Plague infested fleas carried by rats on trade
ships from Asia-first through Constantinople,
then Sicily, then through Italian ports to
Southern France and northern Europe
Boccacio-The Decameron
 “The victims ate lunch with their friends and
dinner with their ancestors.”
Popular beliefs Plague punishment for sin and was wrath of God
 Penance was best hope-fasting, prayer, and selfflagellation (The Flagellants)
 Speculation of poisonous fumes causing
disease-herbs, fire, and smoke
 Fatalistic anxieties spurned sexual immoralityterror sex
 Scapegoating Jews- they poisoned the drinking
water with stolen Host from the Eucharist
Bring out your Dead!!!!!
A Macabre Ditty




“A sickly season,” the merchant said,
“The town I left was filled with dead,
and everywhere these queer red flies
crawled upon the corpses’ eyes,
eating them away.”
“Fair make you sick,” the merchant said,
“They crawled upon the wine and bread.
Pale priests with oil and books,
bulging eyes and crazy looks,
dropping like the flies.”
“I had to laugh,” the merchant said,
“The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled;
“And proved through solemn disputation
“The cause lay in some constellation.
“Then they began to die.”
“First they sneezed,” the merchant said,
“And then they turned the brightest red,
Begged for water, then fell back.
With bulging eyes and face turned black,
they waited for the flies.”
“I came away,” the merchant said,
“You can’t do business with the dead.
“So I’ve come here to ply my trade.
“You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…”
….And then He sneezed!!!!
Modern science and DNA
studies
 Pneumonic versus bubonic based
 Role of fighting
The Black Death
 Social and Economic consequences
 Decline of feudalism-serfs pursued craft industries and




nobles lost source for labor- Serfs that lived in town for 1
year and one day were freed from feudal obligations
Prices and rents declined
English Parliament-Statute of Laborers-limited wages to
pre-plague levels and restricted peasants from leaving land
1381-Overtaxed and Oppressed English Peasants revolt
against King (Wat Tyler’s Revolt)
1381-The Jacquerie-French peasants revolt against the
taille-direct land tax on peasants and non-nobles
Social and Economic Changes
 Tremendous growth of cities
 Trade settlements formed with merchants and





artisans
Towns got CHARTER from the king-written
document authorizing town
Revival of trade caused need for capital-prices
soared on expensive goods
Stimulated growth of banking houses
Groups of merchants formed partnerships
Church forbade usury-lending money out for
interest
Trade routes and commercial
centers
The Moneylender and his wife
The Hundred Years’ War 13371453
 French king Charles IV died without a male




heir
English king Edward III claims French thronenephew of Charles IV
French barons chose Philip VI, 1st cousin of
Charles to rule instead-House of Valois
Other factors-English king had fiefdoms in
France
Control of Flanders-cloth manufacturing
center
Important Factors
 French were disunited
 English more united and shrewder in state
building
 French king needed money-summoned
Estates General in 1355
 British military superiority –The Longbow
The Longbow
 Could be fired 400 yards
 At 250 yards could hit a target
 Could fire 6 per minute
 Laws were passed mandated practicing
archery
 Could pierce an inch of wood at 100 yards and
armor at 200
1st Stage of War-Edwardian
stage
 Flemish cities revolt against France and sign
alliance with Edward
 1346-Battle at Crecy-1st use of new longbow4000 French knights and nobles routed
 English seize port of Calais after a year long
siege-French had to eat dogs, rats, mice
 1356-Battle of Poitiers-Disaster for the French
army, King of France captured and taken to
England-2000 French knight and nobles
captured
Continued
 French estates general raises taxes
 1358-Revolt of the Jacquerie
 1360-English force the Peace of Bretigny-
Calais on the French
 Declared an end to Edward’s vassalage to the
king of France and English sovereignty over
French territories
 1381-Peasants revolt in England ( Wat Tyler’s
rebellion)
Henry V and Agincourt
 Henry V
 Battle of Agincourt (1415)
 Longbow was decisive
 Days of rain softened the battlefield into a mud
pit
 10,000 French knights routed in a single day
 ½ of French nobility wiped out
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRj01LShXN
8
After Agincourt-1415
 Burgundians' temporarily align with French-
 1419-Duke of Burgundy assassinated
 Treaty of Troyes-Henry V now successor of
French king Charles VI
 1422-Infant king Henry VI of England
proclaimed both king of France and England
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)
The Maid of Orleans
 Peasant from Domremy in Lorraine Appealed to Charles VII (Dauphin) to lift the siege of






Orleans-declared visions of Archangel Michael, Saint
Catherine, and Saint Margaret inspired her
Drove out the English and led French to a series of
military victories
New sense of national identity and unity
Charles VII crowned King in Rheims
Joan captured by Burgundians and turned over to
English
Tried by Inquisition as a heretic and burned at the stake
by English authorities
1920-RC church named her as a Saint
Michael, Margaret, and
Catherine
War ends 1453-English driven
out-control only Calais on
coast
Ecclestastical Breakdown and
Revival
 Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
 Doctrine of papal plenitude of power
 Centralized papal power into a papal monarchy
 Weakened spiritual mission of papacy
Pope Urban IV (1261-1264)
Est. Church court-Rota Romana
System of clerical taxation
Papacy appointed all major and minor church offices”reservation of benefices”
Church had become a powerful political bureaucracy that
had its own laws and courts and serviced by a massive
secular bureaucracy
Royal Challenge to Papal
Authority
 Philip IV the Fair of
France
 Pope Boniface VIII
Boniface VIII
 1296 - Clericis Iaicos-forbade lay taxation of




clergy w/o papal approval
Edward 1 of Eng-denied clergy the right to be
heard in royal courts
Philip the Fair of France-forbade exportation
of money from France to Rome
Issue was state control of royal churches
1300-Boniface declares a year of Jubileethousands of Pilgrims flock to Rome to have
their unrepented sins remitted
Unam Sanctam (1302)
 Declared royal, temporal authority to be
subject to the spiritual power of the church
 Desperate act of a besieged papacy
 Extreme statement of papal supremacy
 Boniface died in 1303
The Avignon Papacy (13091377)
 1309-French archbishop become Pope Clement V
 Forced into French subservience
 Moved papacy to French city of Avignon
 Practice of selling indulgences to raise money
expanded
 Doctrine of purgatory expanded-selling ol
plenary indulgences
 Church becoming more materialistic and
scheming to raise funds
John Wycliffe
John Huss
Early Reformers
John Wycliffe died 1384
John Huss died 1415
 English reformer and Oxford  Czech reformer




theologian
Leader of the Lollards
Challenges papal infallibility,
the sale of indulgences, the
authority of scripture over
pope, and dogma of
transubstantiation
Preached in the vernacular
1384-Died-1415-Remines
exhumed and burned
 Led Wycliffe faction at the





University of Prague
Preached in vernacular
Advocated lay communion
Opposed transsubstantiation
1410-Excommunicated from
church
1415-Burned as a heretic
The Great Schism of the
church (1378-1417)
Pope Urban VI
Pope Clement VII
 Italian archbishop elected
 French archbishop elected
in Rome
by French conclave
What to do about this two
headed monster?
 Mutual cession by both popes
 One resign in favor of the other
Conciliar theory
 Special church council with authority to





depose both popes
Under conciliar theory the council could
regulate the actions of the popes
Council of Pisa-1409
Deposed both the Roman and Avignon Popes
Elected Alexander V
No one would step down-3 Popes!!
Council of Constance-1414
 All 3 popes forded to resign
 Elected a new pope Martin V
 Made provisions for regular meetings of
councils
The Council of Basel 14311449
 Peak of conciliar government
 Direct negotiation of church doctrine with
heretics
 Agreed to concessions with the Hussites
 Communion with the cup
 Free preaching by ordained clergy
 Similar punishment for clergy and laity for sins
 Conciliar movement collapsed in 1449, did lead to
greater power of the laity and secular governments as
papal authority and prestige weakened
Medieval Russia




Prince Vladimer Of Kiev (980-1015)
Kiev-Russia’s dominant city
Kiev adopts Greek Orthodoxy
Close ties with the Byzantine Empire in
Constantinople
 Russians divided into 3 cultural groups-Great
Russians, White Russians, and Little Russians
(Ukrainians)
 Boyars (wealthy landowners) powerful
Kievan Rus
The Golden Horde
Mongol rule (1243-1480) The
Golden Horde
 Mongol (Tatar) armies capture China, Islamic world,







and Russia
Kiev captured in 1240
Russian cities paid tribute to Batu Khan
Forced integration of Russians and Mongols
Mongols left Russian political and religious
institutions intact
Princes of Moscow became more powerful
Ivan the Great would bring all of northern Russia
under his control and end Mongol rule
Moscow replaces Kiev as political and religious
center