Transcript 4.1 europe in the middle ages

Squire
Page
Chamber
Pope
Sacrament
Saint
Relic
Pilgrim
Monk
Nun
Castel
Mote
Draw Bridge
Shield
Breast Plate
Clergy
Buttress
Romanesque
Gothic
Cathedral
Guild
Theology
Bologna
Italy
Rome
Europe
Communion
France
North America
South America
Schism
Denounce
Doctorate
Veneration
King
Prince
Fallow
Manor
Serf
Lord
Noble
Carruca
Cultivation
High Middle Ages
Low Middle Ages
Bartar Trade
Commerical Captialism
Fanders
Venice
Money Economy
Burgher/Bourgeoisie
Papal Monarchy
Tanner
Merchant
Cistercian
Benedictine
Francisaan
Dominician
Iinquisition
Olmec
Aztec
Inca
Peru
Maya
Toltec
Yucatan Peninsula
Tula
Lake Texcoco Island
Equador
Chile
Amazon
Tenochtitlan
Gulf of Mexico
Montezuma
Ritual
Pyramid
Bishop
Abbott
Andes
Sacrifice
Francisco Pizarro
Hernan Cortes
City State
Inti-Sun god
Inuits
Mound Builders
Anasazi
Plains Ameridians
Iroquois
Land Bridge aka Bering
Strait
Alaska
Glacier
Sea Level
Monarchy
Spain
Cardinal
Heresy
Flagellant
Bubonic Plague
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4.1 EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
I. NEW AGRICULTURE METHODS
II. THE REVIVAL OF TRADE
III. THE GROWTH OF CITIES
IV. THE PAPAL MONARCHY
V. NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
VI. METHODS OF THE CHURCH
VII. RISE OF UNIVERSITIES
VIII. LATE MIDDLE AGES
IX. HUNDRED YEARS WAR
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4.2 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
I. EARLY AMERICANS
II. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS & TRIBES
POPULATION
FOR EUROPE DOUBLED (38 TO
74 MILLION). THE RESULT WAS AN INCRASE
STABILITY AND PEACE AND IN FOOD
PRODUCTION
CHANGE
IN CLIMATE (GROWING
CONDITIONS ARE BETTER) (CLEAR LAND)
TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGES AIDED
FARMING: 1. WATER AND WIND ARE USED
TO HARNESS POWER, AND 2. “CARRUCA”
PLOW COULD TURN OVER HEAVY SOIL
“
MANORIAL SYISTEM” IS PRACTICED
(AGRICULTURAL ESTATE AKA THE “MANOR”
IS RAN BY A LORD AND WORKED BY THE
PEASANTS)
THE
LAND-HOLDING NOBLES (LORDS &
VASSELS) DEPENDED ON FREE PESANTS AND
SERFS (PEASANTS LEGALLY BOUND TO THE
LAND) TO PROVIDE ECONOMIC SUPPORT BY
WORKING THE LAND SO THAT THE NOBLES
COULD PURSUE THE ARTS OF WAR
PEASANT
ACTIVITIES (SEASONAL):
AUGUST-SEPTEMBER= HARVEST OF GRAINS (BREAD)
OCTOBER=WORKED THE GROUND (WINTER CROPS)
NOVEMBER=SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS (SALT MEAT)
FEBRUARY AND MARCH=PLOW LAND FOR SPRING
AND SHEARING AND WEEDING ARE DONE IN THE
SUMMER
4.1
THE NEW
AGRICULTURE
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IN THE 11TH AND 12TH CENTURIES, A REVIVAL OF TRADE AND THE
GROWTH OF CITIES CHANGED THE ECONOMIC FOUNDATON OF EUROPE
(“AGRICULTURAL” TO A “MIX OF AGRICULTURAL & COMMERCIAL”
ITALIAN CITIES TOOK THE LEAD (FLANDERS)
“MONEY ECONOMY” DEVELOPED (NO LONGER USED “BARTER”
ECONOMY
TRADING COMPANIES AND BANKING FIRMS ARE ESTABLISHED TO
MANAGE THE EXCHANGE AND SALE OF GOODS
“COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM” (ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF INVESTMENTS IN
GOODS FOR A PROFIT)
THE BEGINNING OF THE “COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION”
THE GROWTH OF
CITIES
•MERCHANTS
SETTLE IN OLD
ROMAN CITIES
NEAR CASTLE
WALL (THE LORD
OFFERED
PROTECTION ON
TRADE ROUTES
(WALLED
ENCLOSURE)
“BOURGEOISIE”
•SMALL,
OVERCROWDED,
NARROW STREETS,
FIRE DANGER FROM
BURING CANDLES
AND WOOD (LIGHT
AND HEAT)
MERCHANTS &
NEW CITIES
MANUFACTURING
CENTERS
•VARIETY OF
CRAFTS: CLOTH,
METALWORK,
SHOES, AND
LEATHER GOODS
•ORGANIZED
CRAFTSPEOPLE
/“GUILDS” OR
BUSINESS
ASSOCIATIONS
•GUILDS LEADING
ROLE IN URBAN
ECONOMIC LIFE
MEDIEVAL
TOWNS
AIR POLLUTION
•WOOD FIRES
CAUSED AIR
POLLUTION ALONG
WITH THE CITY
BEING DIRTY AND
SMELLED FROM
HUMAN AND
ANIMAL WASTE
THE PAPAL MONARCHY
Popes in Politics
Papal States
The King’s Power is
Threatened
(Secular
Authority)
11th Century Pope Gregory VII
extended his authority over all
the Christian world including
rulers
Bishops and
Abbots held offices
granted by nobles
Church carried
out Military
Duties
Central Italy
Pope Gregory issued a decree
forbidding high-ranking clerics from
receiving their offices from secular
leaders such as King Henry IV of
Germany
Orders Philip Augustus to take
back his wife after he had sought
an annulment
Church reaches the height of its
political power in the 13th Century with
Pope Innocent III (Believed he was the
Supreme Judge of European Affairs)
NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS
“CISTERCIANS” MONKS
SOUGHT CHANGES WITHIN
THE MONASTARY AND TOOK
RELIGION OUTSIDE THE
CHURCH TO THE PEOPLE
(WHITE)
“BENEDICTINE” MONKS
STAYED WITHIN THE
MONASTARY IN PERSONAL
PRAYER (BLACK)
“NUNS” WERE THE MOST
EDUCATED WOMEN IN THE
MIDDLE AGES OF EUROPE
(HILDEGARD OF BINGEN)
“SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI” IS
A WEALTHY MAN WHO HAD
A SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE IN
PRISON AND DECIDED TO
HELP OTHERS BY GIVING
AWAY HIS WORLDLY
POSSESSIONS (“FRANCISANS”
HELPED THE POOR)
“DOMINIC DE GUZMAN” IS A
SPANISH PRIEST THAT
WANTED TO DEFEND THE
CHURCH FROM HERESY
(“DOMINICANS”)
(“INQUISTION” IS A HOLY
COURT)
•The Vow of Poverty
•The Vow of Chastity
•The Vow of Obedience
PILGRIMAGES
TO THE HOLY LAND
(THE SHRINE OF THE
HOLY CITY OF
JERUSALEM) (ROME:
RELICS OF ST. PETER
& ST. PAUL)
VENERATION OF
THE SAINTS
(ST. NIC OF ITALY
THE PATRON SAINT
OF CHILDREN AKA
“SANTA CLAUS”)
COMMUNION IS
NECESSARY FOR
SALVATION AND
RECEIVING GOD’S
GRACE
SACRAMENTS
(CHRISTIAN RITES)
ARE USED SUCH AS
BAPTISM AND
MARRIAGE
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Aka “Corporation” or “Guild”
Bologna is the first location of a University
(Italy) and the study of the day is Roman Law
Theology is another vocation and is the study
of Religion and God
Oral Exams are administered and if passed, a
person could receive a Doctorate Degree
ROMANESQUE STYLE
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Long, round stone-arched roofs (“Barrel
Vaults”) – Heavy construction leaving
little room for windows (dark inside)
GOTHIC STYLE
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Pointed arches (“Flying Buttress”)
distributed the weight of the ceiling
(Stain Glass is used providing more
light)
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
DECLINE IN CHURCH
POWER
“BLACK PLAGUE”
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Aka “Black Death” or “Bubonic
Plague”
Mite/Flea infected by Bacteria which
infects the Black Rat
Black Rat aboard ships carrying cargo
become contaminated
The ships crew eats the contaminated
goods and becomes infected with
the Plague (came from Caffea on the
Black Sea)
The Plague hits the streets of London
and spreads (75 million die/wipes out
entire villages)
Social Chaos (people abandon one
another, mother abandons child,
priest abandons the church)
Food prices are down because
demand is down (Death rate is up)
This is a case of Kings vs. Popes
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Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV
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Boniface goes to France (Avignon) then to
Rome to reside
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“Great Schism”– Boniface dies and two
Popes are chosen/elected by Cardinals
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1 Pope elected by Italians
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1 Pope elected by French
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=2 Popes in Rome
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Divides Europe
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Each Pope denounced each other as the
“Anti-Christ”
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BLOOD
DISEASE
SYMPTOMS
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Blood Boils
Flue like symptoms:
rosy red circles on the
face, coughing,
sneezing, fever, chills,
body odor
Death followed (No
Cure)
Popular in 1348 (mainly in Germany)
- Believed the Plague was sent by the devil
-Would travel from town to town flogging
themselves to gain God’s forgiveness.
- Killed Jews and any authorities that got in
their way
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War between England and
France
1337 – 1453
“Joan of Arc” helps unite the
French by defeating the
British and crowning Charles
as the French King
Joan is known as the “Maid
of Lorraine” (prophesy)
Crowning of Charles led to
the end of the 100 Year War
New Monarchies emerge as
15th century Spain tries to
centralize power yet its
people is divided by religion
FIRST AMERICANS
100,000 -10,000 YEARS AGO
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Americans touch the
Arctic Ocean
“Ice Age” (created a
“Land Bridge” aka
“Bering Strait” located
b/n Asia and North
America (Alaska)
“Glaciers” (large sheets of
ice) receded and sank
below sea level thus new
civilizations emerge
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Inuits (Eskimo Indians)
Mound builders
(Alabama)
Anasazi
Plains Ameridians
(Alabama)
Iroquois (Northeast
America and Canada)
People
Location
Religion
Architect
Rise/Decline
Olmec
Gulf of Mexico
Rituals
Large City ruled
by hereditary
Built city around
central pyramid
1,200 BC.--Declined
Maya
Yucatan
Peninsula
Priest/Human
Sacrifice
Sacred Ball Court
Temples
Palaces
City States
300-900 AD.--Abandoned
City
Toltec
Tula
*Chichen
Mexico City
Warriors
Pyramids
Palaces
900 AD. -1200--Declined
Aztec
Tenochtitlan
-Lake Texcoco
Island
Temples (god
monarch –
“Montezuma”)
Human Sacrifice
Cities
Pyramids
Roadways that
linked islands
12 Century AD.--Hernan Cortes
(guns, war,
destroyed them)
Inca
South America
Equador
Chile
Edge of the
Emperor Rules
(decended from
the “Inti- Sun
god” (State based
Built major Road
System
Columbia
Chile
15th Century---Francisco
Pizzarro
(smallpox, guns,