Transcript chapter9 - hylan

Chapter 9
The Late Middle Ages
War
Disease
Religious
Schism
Preconditions
Overpopulation;
economic depression;
famine; unhealthy
conditions
Cause
Remedies
Impact
The Bubonic Plague
Preconditions
Overpopulation;
economic depression;
famine; unhealthy
conditions
Bacterium in fleas
carried by rats on
trade routes
Cause
Remedies
Impact
The Bubonic Plague
• Read primary
resource on page
295.
• Review questions
at top of reading.
Preconditions
Overpopulation;
economic depression;
famine; unhealthy
conditions
Bacterium in fleas
carried by rats on
trade routes
Cause
Remedies
amulets; flowers;
prayer; repentance;
flagellants; pleasure;
seclusion; flight; Jews
Impact
The Bubonic Plague
Preconditions
Overpopulation;
economic depression;
famine; unhealthy
conditions
Bacterium in fleas
carried by rats on
trade routes
Cause
Remedies
amulets; flowers;
prayer; repentance;
flagellants; pleasure;
seclusion; flight; Jews
2/5 population dead;
obsession with death
Impact
The Bubonic Plague
Impact – winners and losers
King
Nobility
Church
Commoners
The Bubonic Plague
The Black Death
•
Preconditions
–
•
overpopulation, economic depression, famine and
bad health
Causes
–
caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis carried by
fleas on rats following trade routes; eventually
coughing
• Popular Remedies
– a catastrophe with no apparent explanation led to
obsession with death
• Decameron – contemporary observations of the plague
written by Giovanni Boccaccio
Social and Economic Consequences
•
shortage of labor; noble estates
decline
attempt to reverse misfortune
landowners create new
repressive legislation – leads to
peasant revolts
cities rebound
•
•
–
–
–
want for goods leads to high
paying artisan jobs; migration from
farms to towns to get jobs
the Church lost landholdings and
political strength but gained new
revenue
conflict in cities between the ruling
patriciate and guilds widens to
guilds and journeymen as well
• Read page 296.
• Review questions at end of reading.
The Hundred Years’ War and the
Rise of National Sentiment
• Hundred Years War –
a struggle for national
identity and control for
territory
– may have been started
by the English king
Edward III, the
grandson of Philip the
Fair of France,
asserting a claim to
the French throne after
French king Charles IV
died
•
French Weaknesses
–
–
–
–
France was still struggling to make the transition from a
splintered feudal state to a centralized “modern state”
borrowed money from Italian bankers depreciating
currency
English military superiority – discipline and longbow
shrewd English kings
•
Three Major Stages of the
Hundred Years War
– Reign of Edward III
•
Major English victories
– capture French king John II the
Good at the battle of Poittiers
– France governed by the Estates
General led by Etienne Marcel
– Bloody peasant rebellions – the
Jacquerie
•
Peace of Bretigny-Calais –
ended Edward’s vassalage to
French thrown and gave
English territorial rights in
France; Edward renounced
claim to French throne
•
French Defeat and the
Treaty of Troyes
–
–
–
Richard the II brutally
puts down peasant
rebellion led by John Ball
and Wat Tyler
War with France resumes
when Henry V invades
Normandy and takes
advantage of French
disunity – duchy of
Burgundy remains
neutral and then sides
with British
Treaty of Troyes – Henry
V becomes successor to
the throne of France
•
Joan of Arc and the
War’s conclusion
– Joan of Arc convinces
Charles VII that God told
her to deliver besieged
Orleans from the English
•
Joan gave France an
enraged sense of national
identity and destiny; she
was later captured, tortured
and executed
– After the duchy of
Burgundy made peace
with France the English
were defeated and left
with one coastal enclave
in France – Calais
•
Impact of the War
– France was devastated; French nationalism
awakened
– Burgundy was a major political power
– England were forced to developed their clothing
industry and found new markets for trade
• Ecclesiastical
Breakdown and Revival:
The Late Medieval
Church
– 13th century papacy
• Pope Innocent III created a
centralized papal
monarchy with a clear
political mission; papal
political power peaks but
spiritual power weakens
– Expanded on the doctrine of
papal plentitude of power
and on that authority
declared saints, disposed of
benefices, and created a
centralized papal monarchy
•
•
•
Pope Urban establishes Rota
Romana, expands clerical
taxation, and expanded the
practice of “reservation of
benefices”
the 13th century papacy
became a powerful political
institution governed by it’s own
law and courts, serviced by an
efficient bureaucracy and
preoccupied with secular goals;
this undermined diocesan
authority and popular support
Political fragmentation –
French, German and Italian
rulers sought to influence papal
appointments
•
Boniface VIII and Philip
the Fair
– Boniface issued the bull,
Clericis laicos, which
forbade taxation of clergy
without papal approval
•
•
Edward I of England
responded by denying
clergy the right to be heard
in a royal court
Philip the Fair of France
forbade the exportation of
money from France to
Rome – Boniface
conceded
•
•
Boniface’s papacy
challenged by a rival
noble family in Italy
Boniface challenges the
monarchs of Europe
–
–
supporting Scottish
resistance in England
sending a bull, Ausculta fili,
to King Philip informing him
“God has set popes over
kings and kingdoms” in
response to Philip arresting
Boniface’s Parisian legate,
Bernard Saisset
• after a fierce antipapal
campaign unleashed by
Philip Boniface issues the
bull, Unam Sanctam, stating
temporal power was
“subject” to spiritual power
of the Church
• Philip’s chief minister
Guillaume de Norgat’s army
basically kills Boniface;
Papal successors bend to
the will of the Philip
– The relationship between
church and state tilted in favor
of the state; control of religion
fell into the hands of the
powerful monarchs
•
The Avignon
Papacy (13091377)
– Pope Clement V
moves the Curia,
papal court, to
Avignon in France
•
Sold indulgences
to raise money;
led to the Avignon
papacy’s
reputation for
materialism and
political scheming
– Pope John XXII tried to
restore papal
independence but came
into conflict with Emperor
Louis IV and the powerful
Visconti family of Milan
•
William of Ockham and
Marsilius of Padua wrote
Defender of Peace which
argued the pope was a
subordinate member of
society over which the
emperor had supreme
authority and temporal peace
was the greatest good
–
–
–
–
Pope John XXII made the
papacy a sophisticated
international agency and
adjusted it to the European
money economy
Under Benedict XII the papacy
became entrenched in Avignon
Under Clement VI papal policy
was in lockstep with the French
National Opposition to the
Avignon Papacy
•
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges –
recognized right of French church to
elect its’ own clergy, prohibited the
payments of annates to Rome, and
limited the rights of appeals from
French courts to the Curia in Rome
•
John Wycliffe and John Huss
–
Lollards in England looked to the writings of John Wycliffe
to justify their demands; opposed by church and crown
•
•
supported the rights of royalty over secular pretensions of popes;
followed Franciscan ideals; believed in personal merit and rank
was the true basis of religious authority; challenged papal
infallibility, sale of indulgences, authority of scripture and the
dogma of transubstantiation
Accused of the heresy of Donatism – the teaching that the efficacy
of the church’s sacraments did not only lie in their true
performance, but also depended upon the moral character of the
clergy that administered them
– Hussites in Bohemia looked to the writings of John
Huss to justify their demands
•
•
Supported vernacular translations of the Bible and were
critical traditional ceremonies and superstitious
practices
After Huss’ imprisonment and execution a fierce revolt
by militant Hussites (Taborites) erupted led by John
Ziska
•
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
and the Conciliar Movement
–
–
–
Pope Gregory XI moved the
papacy back to Rome ending the
“Babylonian Captivity”
Pope Urban VI is elected pope
after Gregory dies and wants to
reform the Curia; French King
Charles V fears losing influence
over Rome and pushes French
cardinals to elect a new pope –
Clement VII – this begins the
Great Schism
Conciliar Theory of Church
Government – fashion a church
in which a representative council
could effectively regulate the
actions of the pope
–
–
–
Council of Pisa (1409-1410) –
deposed of both popes and
elected Alexander V; three popes
now lay claim to the throne
Council of Constance (14141417) – famous declaration
entitled Sacrosancta which the
council asserted its supremacy
and elected Pope Martin V
Council of Basel – height of
Conciliar government
•
•
Directly negotiated church doctrine
with the Hussites and accepted
three of their four proposals from
their written request Four Articles of
Prague
Pope Pius II issued papal bull
Execrabilis condemning appeals to
councils
•
Consequences – movement towards greater
responsibility for the laity and secular
government; Papal States now opposed on
religious as well as political grounds
• Medieval Russia
– Prince Vladimir of Kiev
selects Greek Orthodox as
Russian Religion
– Politics and Society
• Yaraoslav the Wise – turned
Kiev into a political and
cultural center
– After his death Russia divides
into three cultural groups – the
Great Russians, the White
Russians, and the Little
Russians
– Social breakdown: freemen
(clergy, army officers, boyars or
wealthy landowners,
landowners and peasants)
versus slaves (prisoners of war)
and debtors
•
Mongol Rule
–
Golden Horde – part of the vast Mongol Empire in
southern Russia
•
•
•
•
Religious division between Muslim Mongols and Christian Russians
Left political and religious institutions in place; new trade
possibilities left Russians with greater prosperity
Grand Duke Dimitri of Moscow defeats Tatar forces at Kulikov
Meadow which marks the beginning of the end of Mongol
hegemony
Ivan III the Great unites Russia with Moscow as it’s capital