Transcript Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival 13 th Century Papacy

Ecclesiastical Breakdown
and Revival
th
13
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Century Papacy
Pope Innocent II (11981216): papal power
reached its height
He declared the
“Plenitude of Power”:
popes could declare
saints and a papal
monarchy
It weakened the church
spiritually
Urban IV (1261-1264)
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Papacy est. its own law court (Rota Romana)
Continued clerical taxation that started to raise
funds for the Crusades
Rome’s interests came to control church
appointments and discipline
Bishops protested this undercutting of their
power
Political Fragmentation
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Popes now and the defensive against old allies
Rulers with interests in Italian politics found their way
to the popes
Ex. French king of Naples created a French faction
within the college
Pope Gregory X (1271-1276) est. the practice of
sequestering the cardinals immediately after the death
of a pope to min. political influence on election of new
popes
Didn’t work
Pope Celestine V
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Died under suspicious
circumstances
His successor’s critics
later argued that powers
behind the papal throne
murdered him
Cardinals elected Pope
Boniface VIII (12941303) a nobleman and
skilled politician
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
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Came into power when
England and France
where fighting
Phillip of France was
determine to end
England’s control of
continental holdings
Statue of Pope Boniface
VIII at The Museum of
the Opera del Duomo in
Florence
Royal Challenge to Papal Authority
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Pope Innocent III (1215) decreed that the clergy
not to pay taxes to rulers without papal consent
Viewed taxation as an assault on traditional
clerical rights
Boniface took a strong stand against taxation on
the clergy (Clericis laicos)
England (Edward I) denied clergy the right to be
heard in royal court and had no protection from
the king
Cont.
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Philip the Fair (France): forbid
exportation of money from
France to Rome
Now papacy didn’t have the
funds to operate
Boniface had to come to terms
with Philip
Gave Philip the right to tax the
French clergy
Boniface’s rivals seeking to
invalidate his election as pope
and even the murder of
Celestine
Cont.
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To restore his popularity: Boniface gave all
Catholics who visited Rome sins remitted
Tens of thousands of pilgrims flocked to Rome
He also supported the Scottish resistance from
England
Outraged Edward I and Parliament
Boniface and Philip Part II
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Philip arrested Boniface’s friend (Bernard Saisset)
Accused of heresy and treason, Saisset was tried and
convicted in the king’s court
Philip demanded that Boniface recognize the process
against Saisset
Boniface could only do that if he would surrender his
jurisdiction over the French church
He demaned Saisset’s unconditional release and revoke
all agreements with Philip
French bishops had to convene in Rome within a year
Cont.
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Letter was sent to Philip stating that God has set
popes over kings and kingdoms (1301)
1302: Philip issued an antipapal campaign
Refuted papal claims to the right to interfere
with French matters
Unam Sanctam
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Boniface declared the temporal authority was
subject to the spiritual power of the church
French moved against Boniface with force
Philip’s chief minister, Guillaume de Nogaret,
denounced to the French clergy that Boniface
was a heretic and common criminal
French army surprised the pope and beat him
up
Boniface died in 1303
Cont.
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Benedict XI 1303-1304: Boniface’s successor
excommunicated Nogaret
Benedict’s successor Clement (1305-1314) released
Nogaret from excommunication and condemned the
Knights Templars (treasure Philip would take)
Clement moved papal court to Avignon in southeastern
France on land that belonged to the pope
wanted to escape both French and Rome pressure
Knights Templar
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seize upon the Templar rumors for his
own financial needs. He was deeply in
debt to the Templars as a result of his
war with the English, and he began
pressuring the church to take action
against the Order in order to free
himself from his debts.
Papal Military (Crusades)
When the Holy Land was lost and the
Templars suffered crushing defeats,
support for the Order's existence
faded. Rumors about the Templars'
secret initiation ceremony created
mistrust, and King Philip IV of France,
deeply in debt to the Order, began
pressuring Pope Clement V to take
action. On Friday, October 13, 1307,
King Philip had many of the Order's
members in France arrested, tortured
into "confessions", and burned at the
stake