Transcript Empires of Mexico and Peru

Toward A New World
300-1500 A.D.
Europe In the Middle Ages
Peasants, Trade, and Cities
• New Agriculture
– Technology (iron, wind mills, axes, etc.)
– Carruca – heavy, wheeled plow
– 3 field crop rotation
• The Manorial System
Revival of Trade
• 11th/12th century – growth of cities and revival of trade
– Venice (Italy), Flanders (Belgium)
– Money economy vs. barter system
Growth of Cities
• Cities were re-established old Roman towns and created new ones
along trading routes
• burg – “ a walled enclosure”
• Guilds – organization of craftspeople
Medieval Christianity and Culture
• Papal States – territories in Italy owned by the Catholic Church
• The Papal Monarchy
– Pope Gregory VII
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Declared himself God’s “vicar on earth”
Would rule the entire Christian world
– Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
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Who has power? King or Pope?
– Pope Innocent III
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“Supreme Judge of European Affairs”
• New Religious Order (1000-1150’s)
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Cistercian Order
• More discipline, interacted with the public (not monastery)
Dramatic increase of women being nuns (Hildegard of Bingen)
Franciscan Order – Francis of Assisi
• Very popular; out in the public
Dominican Order– Dominic de Guzman
• Protect the Church from heresy (Inquisition)
Gothic
Romanesque
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1st European university
located in Bologna, Italy
Liberal Arts curriculum;
Theology being the most
highly regarded degree
Universitas
Black Death
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(1347) the plague infested Europe through Asia.
Trading vessels in port were likely culprit of
transmission
Bubonic Plague – fleas on rats would pass on to humans; attack lymph glands –
swell and burst. (mortality rate – 30 – 75%)
Pneumonic Plague – fleas bite humans---attack lungs, become highly contagious
when coughing – fatal (mortality rate – 90 - 95%)
 1/3 – 1/4 of all Europe would die
 These loses would alter religious, social, and political thought for decades to
come
Movie
Challenges to the Church
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After Innocent III death – the influence of the Church declined
1. Europe was changing – nationalism was taking hold
2. Criticism of Church by Moors and pagan Greeks – Church extremely
wealthy?
• Philip IV of France demanded the clergy pay taxes – Pope Boniface VIII refused and
passed a decree known as Unam Sanctam – clergy supremacy over rulers
• Philip would send army to Italy and take prisoner Pope Boniface VIII
• Babylonian Captivity – Philip IV would help elect French priest Clement V Pope and
move papacy to Avignon, France
The Great Schism – a division into hostile groups
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Gregory XI – returned papacy back to Italy; cardinals in Rome elected a
new Italian pope Urban VI – they both excommunicated each other.
• John Wycliffe (teacher at Oxford) – attacked the Church for its wealth and corruption
 Translated the Bible from Latin to English
• Jan Hus denounced the Church – excommunicated. Ordered to burn at the stake for
heresy
Joan of Arc
• During the Hundred Years War – French were being defeated handily by British
• A peasant 16 year old girl heard voices from three saints - telling her to leave her city a
defend Orleans.
• She would rally the weary French troops to defeat English at Orleans.
• (1430) Joan was captured by Burgundian forces (allied w/ Britain) – turned over to the
Church – tried as a heretic
• Convicted – burned at the stake in
1431
Empires of Mexico
and Peru
200 B.C. – 1535 A.D.
The Olmec
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Earliest culture in Mexico – flourished for
800 years
Left 8 giant stone heads – 40 tons each
and brought from over 50 miles away!
• Worshiped god who was part jaguar/human
• Mysteriously disappear between 400200 B.C.
The Maya
• The most advanced culture of all Americans
• Located on the Yucatan Peninsula – built large temples and developed a
complete writing system based on hieroglyphics (also called glyphs)
• Farming - produced a surplus of food
• Complex religious system – belief in many gods, would perform human
sacrifices to please gods.
• Advanced astronomers –predicted eclipses, accurate calendars (off 1 day for
every 6,000 years!)
• Counting system based on 20 which included zero (0)
• mysteriously disappeared around 900 A.D.
– warfare? drought? revolt?
• Toltecs – group who came after
Mayas; introduction of god Quetzalcoatl
Pyramid of Kukulkan
Chichén Itzá
Ball Court
Cenote
The pyramid was used as a
calendar: four stairways, each with
91 steps and a platform at the top,
making a total of 365, equivalent to
the number of days in a calendar
year.
Maya Numbering System
Every year, on Spring Equinox, the
afternoon sun causes a shadow play
so that it appears that a huge
serpent is descending from the sky,
down the pyramid.
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The Aztec
• (1200 A.D.) Aztec were a wondering group – legend has they would
settle where an eagle was eating a serpent – city of Tenochtitlan
• Would dominate central Mexico.
• Tenochtitlan – thriving city with 250,000 inhabitants.
• chinampas – farm land that was created by scooping mud from lake bottom
• War-like culture; would capture victims to use as human sacrifices to the sun god
• (1521) Hernendo Cortes would torture and kill
leader of Tenochtitlan in search of gold
Cortes attacking
Tenochtitlan
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Tzompantli
Great Temple, located in
the center of their capital
city of Tenochtitlan.
Warriors holding prisoners
The Inca
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Advanced civilization within the Andes Mountains
• The Incas would build fortresses, paved roads,
irrigation systems
• Today, many people of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile speak native Incan language
called Quechua
• Advanced in the practice of medicine,
anesthetics, and even brain surgery.
• Spaniards would conquer Incas in the 1500’s
Machu Picchu