Transcript The Hundred Years* War and the Plague

*
*
*At the beginning of
the 1300’s the Age of
Faith was still rolling
*Soon both the Pope
and the Church were
in trouble
*
*Obvious dilemma in the
early 1300s
*Pope Boniface VIII
attempted to enforce
papal authority on kings
*King Philip IV of France
asserted his authority
over French bishops
*Boniface responded w/ a
“papal bull”
*Kings must always obey
the popes
*
*Ignores the bull
*Philip takes Boniface
prisoner
*Pope is rescued, but
dies 1 month later
*Last time a pope is a
able to force
monarchs to obey him
*
*Great Schism
*In 1305, Philip IV
persuades the College of
Cardinals to select a
French archbishop as a
new pope
*Clement V becomes pope
and moves from Rome to
Avignon in France
*Popes live there for next
69 years
*
*In 1378, two popes
chosen—one in Rome,
one in Avignon
*This obviously
weakens the Church
*Each declares the
other false, causing
split called Great
Schism
*In 1417, Council of
Constance ends schism,
chooses Martin V
as pope
*
*It weakened the
church.
*
*John Wycliffe - English
* Jesus is head of the
Church, not pope
*Bible is the final
authority, not pope
*Jan Hus - Bohemian
*Bible is final authority
*Hus is
excommunicated, tried
as a heretic, burned at
stake in 1415
*
*Also known as “Black
Death”
*One-third of the
population of Europe
died of the deadly
disease (20-25 million)
*4 million in SW Asia
*35 million in China
*
*Where did the plague
begin and how did it
spread?
*Began in Asia and
spread through trade
*Rats and fleas
*
 Painful swellings called
buboes in the lymph
nodes (armpit & groin)
 Purplish or black spots
on skin
 Extremely high fever,
chills, delirium, and in
most cases death
*
*Epidemic terrifies and rips apart society
“This scourge had implanted so great a terror
in the hearts of men and women that
brothers abandoned brother, uncles their
nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many
cases wives deserted their husbands. But
even worse,…fathers and mothers refused to
nurse and assist their own children.”
Giovanni Boccaccio –The Decameron
*
*Vapors from earthquakes?
*Alignment of planets and
stars?
*Divine punishment for
sins?
*Poisoned by the Jews?
*
*Became scapegoats
*Accused of poisoning the
town wells
*Persecuted in Spain
*Worst in Germany (Holy
Roman Empire)
*60 Jewish communities
in Germany wiped out
*Many fled to Poland b/c
king provided them
protection
*
*Flagellants arose, their purpose being to atone for their
own and others’ sins.
*Bands of Flagellants traveled from town to town,
beating themselves with whips studded with iron tips.
*
1. Turned to magicians who wrote on a piece of paper the
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
magic sign ABRACADABRA arranged in the form of a
triangle…It was supposed to ward off the evil eye.
Exotic amulets
Prayers written on a piece of paper and swallowed once
a day
Medicines---one contained 60 ingredients including
chopped snakes and clay
Burning herbs in the belief that by counteracting the
stench of death, health would be preserved
Carrying around expensive and beautiful pomanders
filled with oranges and cloves
Ringing of church bells (The clashing bells were supposed
to moved the stagnant atmosphere.)
*
*Town populations fall
*Trade declines
*Prices rise
*Some serfs leave manors
for paying work (decline
of the manorial system)
*Many Jews blamed and
killed
*
*When prayer and penance failed to stop the plague,
the Church lost prestige.
*
*Written by Boccaccio about the plague
*Stories are supposedly told by a group of people
staying in a villa to avoid the plague sweeping
through Italy
*
*1337–1453
*England vs. France
*English king Edward III
claims French throne
*War marks the end of
medieval society
*Change in style of
warfare
*
*English claims to the French throne
*War was fought on French soil
*
*Aug. 26, 1346
*English greatly outnumbered
*French army used archers w/ crossbows, on horseback,
w/ armor
*The English used longbow
*Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights
*
*English repeat victory w/ use of longbow
*
*1415
*English
outnumbered 6,000
troops to France’s
20,000-30,000
*Longbow successful
for English again
*
*Peasant girl who believes in
visions of the saints
*Visions tell her to drive out
English and give the French
crown to Charles VI’s son
*May 7, 1429 – Battle of
Orleans
*Captured by the
Burgundians in 1430 where
she is turned over to the
English
*Church condemns her as a
witch & heretic for her
voices
*Burned at the stake on May
30, 1431; her trial lasted 3
months
*
*French king owed his
crown to Joan but did
nothing to rescue her
*On July 7, 1456, twenty
five years after Joan’s
death, Charles found Joan
not guilty of the original
charges, leaving her
reputations “washed
clean…absolutely.”
*Charles succeeded in
uniting France as Joan
had believed he would.
*
*France eventually won and England left
France.
*
Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453
END OF THE MIDDLE AGES and end of Age of
Faith
France and England experience major
changes
Rise in nationalistic feelings
King becomes national leader
Power and prestige of French monarch
increases
Religious devotion and the code of chivalry
crumbles
England begins period of turmoil, War of the
Roses
* How might European history be different if the
church had not split, the bubonic plague had
been stopped at Venice, and England had won
the Hundred Years’ War?
* True or False
* 1. The Church was weakened when Pope
Clement V began the practice of locating the
pope’s residence in Paris.
* Avignon
* 2. The Great Schism involved a dispute over
who was the one true ruler of France.
* Pope
*
* 3.
The Bubonic plague killed approximately
one third of the population of Europe.
* True
* 4. The Scholar John Wycliff preached that
Jesus Christ is the true head of the Church.
* True
* 5.
The French troops broke the siege of
Orleans were led into battle by King Charles
VII.
* Joan of Arc
* 6. Thomas Aquinas was burned at the stake as
a heretic for teaching that the Bible had
greater authority than the pope.
* HUS
* 7.
The most effective fighters at the battles of
Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, were the English
longbowmen.
* True
* 8. In Europe, traders were wrongly blamed for
the outbreak and spread of the Bubonic
Plague.
* Jews
* 9.
When Pope Boniface VIII declared that
monarchs musts always obey popes, King Philip
IV of France had the pope excommunicated.
* imprisoned